上次提到頂峰的 IEO,這次的 IEO 一隻籤最多可以抽 200 USDT 等值份額,預計上線時間是這週。
我看了一下參與規則,一個人最多可以領 7 隻籤,一支是搶購,六支看交易量。交易量每累積 $30000 獲得一次抽籤機會,最多可以多獲得 6 籤。交易量的計算時間是從 9/16 16:00~ 9/22 8:00,有六天的時間。然後現貨+槓桿+合約的交易量都算。
然後除了獲得抽籤以外,交易量還可以有額外的獎勵。
前一段時間,有去跟頂峰爭取過後,頂峰說只要是透過雷司紀連結註冊,前 20 個交易量的用戶(交易量至少需>$3000),頂峰會每個人各送 5美金等值的 IEO 幣,這樣至少不會因為沒抽到籤做白工,至少還有羊毛可以撸。
最後我把這次IEO步驟整理出來(先驗證才交易,不然交易量不會計入):
➡️步驟一:註冊帳號( 30% 手續費返還,刷交易量也可以省手續費):https://ascendex.com/register?inviteCode=BCR9FS2MW
➡️步驟二:身份驗證與入金,這個部分可以參考文章
https://www.rayskyinvest.com/42894/ascendex-registor-deposit-withdraw
➡️步驟三:進行現貨交易或槓桿交易刷交易量(我這邊放BTC交易對,你找自選標的也可)
合約(最高 100 倍):https://ascendex.com/zh-tw/basic/futures-perpetualcontract-trading/btc-perp
槓桿(最高 25 倍):https://ascendex.com/zh-tw/basic/margin-trading/usdt/btc
現貨:https://ascendex.com/zh-tw/basic/cashtrade-spottrading/usdt/btc
➡️步驟四:幣幣賬戶中至少持有 50 USDT,才可以抽 IEO
➡️步驟五:登入頂峰拍賣IEO系統進行抽籤
https://ascendex.com/zh-tw/auction
📌 加入 AscendEX 繁體中文社區
(https://t.me/AscendEXTCN)
同時也有10部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過9,090的網紅每日幣研 Desmond,也在其Youtube影片中提到,DeFi 去中心化交易所的發展有目共睹,工具 PancakeSwap 和 Uniswap 技術都逐漸成熟,而且擁有一定用戶。相對上,DeFi 衍生品市場只處理剛起步階段,是另一個有潛力的板塊。今集 Desmond 介紹的 Perpetual Protocol 則是這市場的領導者,有機會成為下一隻潛力...
「perp」的推薦目錄:
- 關於perp 在 雷司紀的小道投資 Facebook 的最佳貼文
- 關於perp 在 雷司紀的小道投資 Facebook 的最佳解答
- 關於perp 在 Taipei Ethereum Meetup Facebook 的精選貼文
- 關於perp 在 每日幣研 Desmond Youtube 的最讚貼文
- 關於perp 在 Highness Youtube 的最佳貼文
- 關於perp 在 Highness Youtube 的最讚貼文
- 關於perp 在 Perp Games - Home | Facebook 的評價
- 關於perp 在 perpetual-protocol/perp-cli - GitHub 的評價
perp 在 雷司紀的小道投資 Facebook 的最佳解答
【市場解讀專欄:大杯可樂的每日金融】
☘加密貨幣價值水漲船高?加密貨幣指數在華爾街登場,以太幣、狗狗幣雙雙飆新高
-
「受到標普道瓊指數公司(S&P Dow Jones Indices)將發行首批「加密貨幣指數」消息刺激,第二大的加密貨幣以太幣(ETH)暴漲,市值衝破 3000 美元關卡,創下史上新高的 3455 美元紀錄,狗狗幣(Dogecoin)同樣一度暴漲 60%,目前已到 0.63 美元,市值已達到 690 億美元,晉升成繼比特幣(BTC)、以太幣和幣安幣(BNB)後的第四大幣,今年迄今漲幅高達 11210%。」
#大杯可樂 #每日金融
-
FTX 上也有專門的加密貨幣指數,如果你覺得未來加密貨幣會持續發展,也可以關注!
主流山寨幣指數 永續合約:
https://ftx.com/trade/ALT-PERP
perp 在 Taipei Ethereum Meetup Facebook 的精選貼文
📜 [專欄新文章] Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth
✍️ 田少谷 Shao
📥 歡迎投稿: https://medium.com/taipei-ethereum-meetup #徵技術分享文 #使用心得 #教學文 #medium
Once again the game-changing DEX 🦄 👑
Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
Outline
0. Intro1. Uniswap & AMM recap2. Ticks 3. Concentrated liquidity4. Range orders: reversible limit orders5. Impacts of v36. Conclusion
0. Intro
The announcement of Uniswap v3 is no doubt one of the most exciting news in the DeFi place recently 🔥🔥🔥
While most have talked about the impact v3 can potentially bring on the market, seldom explain the delicate implementation techniques to realize all those amazing features, such as concentrated liquidity, limit-order-like range orders, etc.
Since I’ve covered Uniswap v1 & v2 (if you happen to know Mandarin, here are v1 & v2), there’s no reason for me to not cover v3 as well ✅
Thus, this article aims to guide readers through Uniswap v3, based on their official whitepaper and examples made on the announcement page. However, one needs not to be an engineer, as not many codes are involved, nor a math major, as the math involved is definitely taught in your high school, to fully understand the following content 😊😊😊
If you really make it through but still don’t get shxt, feedbacks are welcomed! 🙏
There should be another article focusing on the codebase, so stay tuned and let’s get started with some background noise!
1. Uniswap & AMM recap
Before diving in, we have to first recap the uniqueness of Uniswap and compare it to traditional order book exchanges.
Uniswap v1 & v2 are a kind of AMMs (automated market marker) that follow the constant product equation x * y = k, with x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y in a pool and k as a constant.
Comparing to order book exchanges, AMMs, such as the previous versions of Uniswap, offer quite a distinct user experience:
AMMs have pricing functions that offer the price for the two tokens, which make their users always price takers, while users of order book exchanges can be both makers or takers.
Uniswap as well as most AMMs have infinite liquidity¹, while order book exchanges don’t. The liquidity of Uniswap v1 & v2 is provided throughout the price range [0,∞]².
Uniswap as well as most AMMs have price slippage³ and it’s due to the pricing function, while there isn’t always price slippage on order book exchanges as long as an order is fulfilled within one tick.
In an order book, each price (whether in green or red) is a tick. Image source: https://ftx.com/trade/BTC-PERP
¹ though the price gets worse over time; AMM of constant sum such as mStable does not have infinite liquidity
² the range is in fact [-∞,∞], while a price in most cases won’t be negative
³ AMM of constant sum does not have price slippage
2. Tick
The whole innovation of Uniswap v3 starts from ticks.
For those unfamiliar with what is a tick:
Source: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tick.asp
By slicing the price range [0,∞] into numerous granular ticks, trading on v3 is highly similar to trading on order book exchanges, with only three differences:
The price range of each tick is predefined by the system instead of being proposed by users.
Trades that happen within a tick still follows the pricing function of the AMM, while the equation has to be updated once the price crosses the tick.
Orders can be executed with any price within the price range, instead of being fulfilled at the same one price on order book exchanges.
With the tick design, Uniswap v3 possesses most of the merits of both AMM and an order book exchange! 💯💯💯
So, how is the price range of a tick decided?
This question is actually somewhat related to the tick explanation above: the minimum tick size for stocks trading above 1$ is one cent.
The underlying meaning of a tick size traditionally being one cent is that one cent (1% of 1$) is the basis point of price changes between ticks, ex: 1.02 — 1.01 = 0.1.
Uniswap v3 employs a similar idea: compared to the previous/next price, the price change should always be 0.01% = 1 basis point.
However, notice the difference is that in the traditional basis point, the price change is defined with subtraction, while here in Uniswap it’s division.
This is how price ranges of ticks are decided⁴:
Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf
With the above equation, the tick/price range can be recorded in the index form [i, i+1], instead of some crazy numbers such as 1.0001¹⁰⁰ = 1.0100496621.
As each price is the multiplication of 1.0001 of the previous price, the price change is always 1.0001 — 1 = 0.0001 = 0.01%.
For example, when i=1, p(1) = 1.0001; when i=2, p(2) = 1.00020001.
p(2) / p(1) = 1.00020001 / 1.0001 = 1.0001
See the connection between the traditional basis point 1 cent (=1% of 1$) and Uniswap v3’s basis point 0.01%?
Image source: https://tenor.com/view/coin-master-cool-gif-19748052
But sir, are prices really granular enough? There are many shitcoins with prices less than 0.000001$. Will such prices be covered as well?
Price range: max & min
To know if an extremely small price is covered or not, we have to figure out the max & min price range of v3 by looking into the spec: there is a int24 tick state variable in UniswapV3Pool.sol.
Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf
The reason for a signed integer int instead of an uint is that negative power represents prices less than 1 but greater than 0.
24 bits can cover the range between 1.0001 ^ (2²³ — 1) and 1.0001 ^ -(2)²³. Even Google cannot calculate such numbers, so allow me to offer smaller values to have a rough idea of the whole price range:
1.0001 ^ (2¹⁸) = 242,214,459,604.341
1.0001 ^ -(2¹⁷) = 0.000002031888943
I think it’s safe to say that with a int24 the range can cover > 99.99% of the prices of all assets in the universe 👌
⁴ For implementation concern, however, a square root is added to both sides of the equation.
How about finding out which tick does a price belong to?
Tick index from price
The answer to this question is rather easy, as we know that p(i) = 1.0001^i, simply takes a log with base 1.0001 on both sides of the equation⁴:
Image source: https://www.codecogs.com/latex/eqneditor.php
Let’s try this out, say we wanna find out the tick index of 1000000.
Image source: https://ncalculators.com/number-conversion/log-logarithm-calculator.htm
Now, 1.0001¹³⁸¹⁶² = 999,998.678087146. Voila!
⁵ This formula is also slightly modified to fit the real implementation usage.
3. Concentrated liquidity
Now that we know how ticks and price ranges are decided, let’s talk about how orders are executed in a tick, what is concentrated liquidity and how it enables v3 to compete with stablecoin-specialized DEXs (decentralized exchange), such as Curve, by improving the capital efficiency.
Concentrated liquidity means LPs (liquidity providers) can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish, which causes the liquidity to be imbalanced in ticks.
As each tick has a different liquidity depth, the corresponding pricing function x * y = k also won’t be the same!
Each tick has its own liquidity depth. Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
Mmm… examples are always helpful for abstract descriptions 😂
Say the original pricing function is 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k), with the price of X token 1000 / 100 = 10 and we’re now in the price range [9.08, 11.08].
If the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is the same as [9.08, 11.08], we don’t have to modify the pricing function if the price goes from 10 to 11.08, which is the boundary between two ticks.
The price of X is 1052.63 / 95 = 11.08 when the equation is 1052.63 * 95 = 100000.
However, if the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is two times that of the current range [9.08, 11.08], balances of x and y should be doubled, which makes the equation become 2105.26 * 220 = 400000, which is (1052.63 * 2) * (110 * 2) = (100000 * 2 * 2).
We can observe the following two points from the above example:
Trades always follow the pricing function x * y = k, while once the price crosses the current price range/tick, the liquidity/equation has to be updated.
√(x * y) = √k = L is how we represent the liquidity, as I say the liquidity of x * y = 400000 is two times the liquidity of x * y = 100000, as √(400000 / 100000) = 2.
What’s more, compared to liquidity on v1 & v2 is always spread across [0,∞], liquidity on v3 can be concentrated within certain price ranges and thus results in higher capital efficiency from traders’ swapping fees!
Let’s say if I provide liquidity in the range [1200, 2800], the capital efficiency will then be 4.24x higher than v2 with the range [0,∞] 😮😮😮 There’s a capital efficiency comparison calculator, make sure to try it out!
Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
It’s worth noticing that the concept of concentrated liquidity was proposed and already implemented by Kyper, prior to Uniswap, which is called Automated Price Reserve in their case.⁵
⁶ Thanks to Yenwen Feng for the information.
4. Range orders: reversible limit orders
As explained in the above section, LPs of v3 can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish. Depending on the current price and the targeted price range, there are three scenarios:
current price < the targeted price range
current price > the targeted price range
current price belongs to the targeted price range
The first two scenarios are called range orders. They have unique characteristics and are essentially fee-earning reversible limit orders, which will be explained later.
The last case is the exact same liquidity providing mechanism as the previous versions: LPs provide liquidity in both tokens of the same value (= amount * price).
There’s also an identical product to the case: grid trading, a very powerful investment tool for a time of consolidation. Dunno what’s grid trading? Check out Binance’s explanation on this, as this topic won’t be covered!
In fact, LPs of Uniswap v1 & v2 are grid trading with a range of [0,∞] and the entry price as the baseline.
Range orders
To understand range orders, we’d have to first revisit how price is discovered on Uniswap with the equation x * y = k, for x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y and k as a constant.
The price of X compared to Y is y / x, which means how many Y one can get for 1 unit of X, and vice versa the price of Y compared to X is x / y.
For the price of X to go up, y has to increase and x decrease.
With this pricing mechanism in mind, it’s example time!
Say an LP plans to place liquidity in the price range [15.625, 17.313], higher than the current price of X 10, when 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k).
The price of X is 1250 / 80 = 15.625 when the equation is 80 * 1250 = 100000.
The price of X is 1315.789 / 76 = 17.313 when the equation is 76 * 1315.789 = 100000.
If now the price of X reaches 15.625, the only way for the price of X to go even higher is to further increase y and decrease x, which means exchanging a certain amount of X for Y.
Thus, to provide liquidity in the range [15.625, 17.313], an LP needs only to prepare 80 — 76 = 4 of X. If the price exceeds 17.313, all 4 X of the LP is swapped into 1315.789 — 1250 = 65.798 Y, and then the LP has nothing more to do with the pool, as his/her liquidity is drained.
What if the price stays in the range? It’s exactly what LPs would love to see, as they can earn swapping fees for all transactions in the range! Also, the balance of X will swing between [76, 80] and the balance of Y between [1250, 1315.789].
This might not be obvious, but the example above shows an interesting insight: if the liquidity of one token is provided, only when the token becomes more valuable will it be exchanged for the less valuable one.
…wut? 🤔
Remember that if 4 X is provided within [15.625, 17.313], only when the price of X goes up from 15.625 to 17.313 is 4 X gradually swapped into Y, the less valuable one!
What if the price of X drops back immediately after reaching 17.313? As X becomes less valuable, others are going to exchange Y for X.
The below image illustrates the scenario of DAI/USDC pair with a price range of [1.001, 1.002] well: the pool is always composed entirely of one token on both sides of the tick, while in the middle 1.001499⁶ is of both tokens.
Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/
Similarly, to provide liquidity in a price range < current price, an LP has to prepare a certain amount of Y for others to exchange Y for X within the range.
To wrap up such an interesting feature, we know that:
Only one token is required for range orders.
Only when the current price is within the range of the range order can LP earn trading fees. This is the main reason why most people believe LPs of v3 have to monitor the price more actively to maximize their income, which also means that LPs of v3 have become arbitrageurs 🤯
I will be discussing more the impacts of v3 in 5. Impacts of v3.
⁷ 1.001499988 = √(1.0001 * 1.0002) is the geometric mean of 1.0001 and 1.0002. The implication is that the geometric mean of two prices is the average execution price within the range of the two prices.
Reversible limit orders
As the example in the last section demonstrates, if there is 4 X in range [15.625, 17.313], the 4 X will be completely converted into 65.798 Y when the price goes over 17.313.
We all know that a price can stay in a wide range such as [10, 11] for quite some time, while it’s unlikely so in a narrow range such as [15.625, 15.626].
Thus, if an LP provides liquidity in [15.625, 15.626], we can expect that once the price of X goes over 15.625 and immediately also 15.626, and does not drop back, all X are then forever converted into Y.
The concept of having a targeted price and the order will be executed after the price is crossed is exactly the concept of limit orders! The only difference is that if the range of a range order is not narrow enough, it’s highly possible that the conversion of tokens will be reverted once the price falls back to the range.
As price ranges follow the equation p(i) = 1.0001 ^ i, the range can be quite narrow and a range order can thus effectively serve as a limit order:
When i = 27490, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹⁰ = 15.6248.⁸
When i = 27491, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹¹ = 15.6264.⁸
A range of 0.0016 is not THAT narrow but can certainly satisfy most limit order use cases!
⁸ As mentioned previously in note #4, there is a square root in the equation of the price and index, thus the numbers here are for explantion only.
5. Impacts of v3
Higher capital efficiency, LPs become arbitrageurs… as v3 has made tons of radical changes, I’d like to summarize my personal takes of the impacts of v3:
Higher capital efficiency makes one of the most frequently considered indices in DeFi: TVL, total value locked, becomes less meaningful, as 1$ on Uniswap v3 might have the same effect as 100$ or even 2000$ on v2.
The ease of spot exchanging between spot exchanges used to be a huge advantage of spot markets over derivative markets. As LPs will take up the role of arbitrageurs and arbitraging is more likely to happen on v3 itself other than between DEXs, this gap is narrowed … to what extent? No idea though.
LP strategies and the aggregation of NFT of Uniswap v3 liquidity token are becoming the blue ocean for new DeFi startups: see Visor and Lixir. In fact, this might be the turning point for both DeFi and NFT: the two main reasons of blockchain going mainstream now come to the alignment of interest: solving the $$ problem 😏😏😏
In the right venue, which means a place where transaction fees are low enough, such as Optimism, we might see Algo trading firms coming in to share the market of designing LP strategies on Uniswap v3, as I believe Algo trading is way stronger than on-chain strategies or DAO voting to add liquidity that sort of thing.
After reading this article by Parsec.finance: The Dex to Rule Them All, I cannot help but wonder: maybe there is going to be centralized crypto exchanges adopting v3’s approach. The reason is that since orders of LPs in the same tick are executed pro-rata, the endless front-running speeding-competition issue in the Algo trading world, to some degree, is… solved? 🤔
Anyway, personal opinions can be biased and seriously wrong 🙈 I’m merely throwing out a sprat to catch a whale. Having a different voice? Leave your comment down below!
6. Conclusion
That was kinda tough, isn’t it? Glad you make it through here 🥂🥂🥂
There are actually many more details and also a huge section of Oracle yet to be covered. However, since this article is more about features and targeting normal DeFi users, I’ll leave those to the next one; hope there is one 😅
If you have any doubt or find any mistake, please feel free to reach out to me and I’d try to reply AFAP!
Stay tuned and in the meantime let’s wait and see how Uniswap v3 is again pioneering the innovation of DeFi 🌟
Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth was originally published in Taipei Ethereum Meetup on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.
👏 歡迎轉載分享鼓掌
perp 在 每日幣研 Desmond Youtube 的最讚貼文
DeFi 去中心化交易所的發展有目共睹,工具 PancakeSwap 和 Uniswap 技術都逐漸成熟,而且擁有一定用戶。相對上,DeFi 衍生品市場只處理剛起步階段,是另一個有潛力的板塊。今集 Desmond 介紹的 Perpetual Protocol 則是這市場的領導者,有機會成為下一隻潛力幣。
推介影片:Celsius Network教學 存入穩定幣年收10%利息
https://youtu.be/xba3FIx89rY
各位現時可到幣安 (Binance) 購買 PERP。若尚未註冊,可用我們的獨家優惠碼(W4MX4PT8),享有 20% 永久交易折扣。立即註冊:
https://accounts.binance.com/zh-HK/register?ref=W4MX4PT8
【每日幣研 PERP 代幣 Giveaway】有獎問答遊戲
看完今集的 Perpetual Protocol 代幣 PERP 的分析,相信大家對這款代幣有更多認識。爲了答謝大家對每日幣研的支持,我們將送出合共價值港幣 300 的 PERP 代幣。
誠邀大家一起來參加這個有獎問答遊戲,我們會選出回答最好的2位參加者,各送出價值港幣 150 的 PERP 代幣作獎品。感謝大家一路走來對每日幣研的支持及鼓勵!
遊戲玩法:
1.「Follow / 追蹤」 「@Crypto_Wesearch」 Instagram專頁
2. 「Subscribe / 訂閱」 「每日幣研」YouTube頻道 🔔
3. 「Like / 讚好」此影片
4. 在留言區回答「各位從何接觸到 PancakeSwap? 體驗又是如何呢?」的答案。
答題範例:「我是從 YouTube 每日幣研的頻道認識到 PancakeSwap。使用體驗良好,可為我創造穩定的被動收入。」
活動期限:2021年8月9日至2021年8月16日下午11時59分
結果公布日期: 2021年8月23日
得獎結果將於「每日幣研」YouTube留言公佈,得獎者需要在結果公布當天起計的三天内將追蹤IG的截圖、訂閱YouTube頻道以及Youtube留言的截圖發送到 @Crypto_Wesearch IG專頁,確認身份。
優惠受有關條款及細則約束。詳情請瀏覽: https://bit.ly/perpetual-perp
#PancakeSwap #CAKE #PerpetualProtocol #PERP #DEFI #加密貨幣 #衍生品 #期貨 #Binance #幣安 #幣種 #幣種介紹 #香港 #廣東話
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【Bybit 限時獨家優惠】
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申請傳送門:https://bit.ly/3AhC1St
【每日幣研新書公開發售了!🎉】
新書「加密貨幣投資實戰」中匯集了每日幣研的兩位創辦人多年以來研究加密貨幣的心得以及投資技巧,新手老手都適合閱讀。此外,書中更有不同交易所的開戶優惠碼,高達20%交易費折扣優惠,千萬不要錯過!
🎉 香港網上訂購
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🎉台灣團購
感謝台灣的朋友對我們的支持,台灣團購已經在8月2日截止。如果仍然想訂購的台灣朋友歡迎私訊我們的Instagram詢問詳情。
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幣安教學
幣安交易所(Binance) 完整文本教學,附獨家 20%永久交易折扣優惠碼(W4MX4PT8)
https://www.cryptowesearch.com/binancespecialoffer_yt
幣安開戶影片教學:3 分鐘開戶即享 20% 永久交易費折扣
https://youtu.be/boLIAwwETcA
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新手教學
PancakeSwap教學:如何流動性挖礦和收息理財
https://youtu.be/WGiCorMqHSw
抽 IPO、買六合彩值博率遠遜 Coinlist!以小博大賺快錢
https://youtu.be/6R6-_2A5nOI
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基本理論
比特幣是甚麼?分析挖礦、礦工和礦場的運作原理!
https://youtu.be/MTAZj9lNJ_c
比特幣、以太幣大跌 整合零碎幣市資訊和歷史分析崩盤原因
https://youtu.be/GHkUfLMofTE
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幣種介紹
潛力公鏈 Fantom!代幣 FTM 有望在 Coinbase 上市集資
https://youtu.be/oiE1sIXT8LY
穩定幣USDT或成幣圈最大黑天鵝?
https://youtu.be/T_mKCuct46g
升值潛力媲美幣安幣(BNB)的平台幣FTT
https://youtu.be/91xQ0mx9FsE
狗狗幣之父清倉退市 錯失購買500架法拉利機會
https://youtu.be/F9ghi5PFn64
潛力幣Blocto即將開售 升值潛力媲美 UNI代幣
https://youtu.be/ThJgV1X9eks
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追蹤每日幣研,獲取更多比特幣和以太幣等加密貨幣的分析,以及區塊鏈行業的最新情報和教學。
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