分享亞勤的精彩演講。這是他上周在哥倫比亞大學工學院2020畢業典禮演講。他稱為是絕對是最大的“熵”的一屆畢業生。
本文來自人工智能學家微信公眾號
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張亞勤2020寄語哥倫比亞大學畢業生:引領未知時代
2020年5月18日,人工智慧和數位視訊的世界級科學家和企業家,美國藝術與科學院院士、百度前總裁、清華大學智慧科學講席教授張亞勤博士,在哥倫比亞大學工程學院的畢業典禮上發表了主題演講。
張亞勤說:“面對全球疫情,技術成為最關鍵的變革力量,高速網路、軟體和人工智慧等基礎技術塑造我們生活、學習、工作和娛樂方式。”他提到:“隨著世界進入一個充滿挑戰和不確定性的新階段,年輕工程師迎來了回應歷史使命的決定性時刻,不僅要以技術創新,還要以同理心、勇氣和人文主義精神來迎接使命。”
哥倫比亞大學工程學院院長瑪麗·博伊斯(MaryC. Boyce)表示:“我們很高興能請到張亞勤博士(Dr.Ya-Qin Zhang)給我們的畢業生做演講,以此來紀念這一重要的里程碑。”她談到:“我們的畢業生將進入一個變化的世界,他們也將成為時代變化的締造者。學生們將受益張亞勤博士的觀點,其非凡職業道路也將鼓舞學生們。”(引用哥倫比亞大學新聞報導)
以下為百度前總裁、清華大學智慧科學講席教授張亞勤在2020年哥倫比亞大學工程學院畢業典禮上的致辭全文:
尊敬的Bollinger校長, Boyce院長,家長們,同學們,大家好。
我很榮幸能夠在這個非常時期,以特殊的形式出席這次特別的典禮。首先,恭喜2020屆畢業生,對你們取得的傑出成就表示衷心祝賀。你們做到了!
我也是一名哥倫比亞大學的學生家長。我的兒子現在哥大工學院二年級學生,我女兒是哥大商學院2020屆的畢業生。我想與所有家長分享這份難以言表的喜悅和驕傲,我們都做到了!
這無疑是我們有生記憶以來最具挑戰性和不確定性的一個時期。
我們不僅看到了科技創新的極速進步和第四次工業革命的巨大力量,人工智慧、納米技術、量子電腦和5G通信等等技術不斷突破。
我們還目睹了百年一遇的流行疾病在全球範圍內帶來的突發性破壞和災難性影響,對我們的社會基礎、經濟結構和生活方式帶來挑戰。
對於那些學習過熱力學第二定律的人來說,“熵”這個術語一定不陌生,它表示動態系統中的混沌程度(Chaos)。資訊理論的創始者Claud Shannon將這一概念擴展到了資訊的不確定性和隨機性。可以說,2020屆畢業生是被賦予“熵”值最高的一屆。未來的不可預測和混沌程度都是前所未有的。對你們如此,對我們所有人也是如此。
與你們的交流令我回想起我的學生時代和年輕時的工程師工作經歷。1990年畢業後,我的第一份工作是開發演算法,壓縮圖像和視頻,完成遠端傳輸,對國際標準MPEG和H.26x做出一點小貢獻:MPEG和H.26x也是如今Netflix、YouTube、Skype和Zoom等流行視頻應用程式的重要基礎。在過去的三十年裡,我有幸一直在激動人心的創新技術中徜徉, HDTV、自動駕駛、人工智慧和雲計算等等。在這一路走來,收穫的不僅是無窮的樂趣,也有超凡的艱辛。我想跟同學們分享我的三個體會:
1)在數據爆炸和不斷變化的世界中,成為具備強適應能力的學習者。在瞬息萬變的技術行業中,五年前學到的知識大多已無用處。你們在哥倫比亞大學中學習到最有價值的是學習新知的能力,是從繁雜噪音中分別信號的能力,是從眾多數據中提取“熵”的能力。我有一個行之有效的習慣,每天早上花10分鐘,找出對我而言最新的發現或最重要的3件事情,當天來學習。
2) 要擁有獨特的觀點和視角。當你們進入現實世界,會自然而然的開始被“打磨”,去遵循已有的趨勢,融入他人。我懇請你們保持自己的尖銳、棱角和與眾不同。當我與年輕工程師面聊時,我期待他們的觀點、他們的“熵”、他們鮮活的想法,這些遠比圓滑、打磨、“正確”要重要得多。
3) 無論做什麼事情,要秉承道德和人性。兩千多年前,偉大的希臘思想家蘇格拉底將道德作為追求真理的靈魂。大約同一時期,偉大的中國哲學家孔子把人性的“仁義”作為社會結構的基礎。在截然不同的文化下,兩位偉大思想家所見略同,並非巧合。今天,當我們面臨更多選擇、迷茫和誘惑時,這一點就變得更加重要。技術是中立的,但創新者是有使命的。技術是工具,但技術人員是為人類服務的。院長Mary Boyce對哥倫比亞工學院提出的願景“技術以人為本”是工程學的核心,也是我們工程師和技術人員的宗旨。
年輕的朋友們,對你們而言,這是一個決定性的時刻,請盡情的用你們的才華、激情和創新,更用你們的同理心,勇氣和人性,去展現,去閃耀,回應使命的召喚!
再次恭喜你們,2020屆畢業生!
以下是哥倫比亞大學對張亞勤作為畢業生典禮發言人的報導和過往成就的介紹
https://engineering.columbia.edu/news/class-day-2020-ya-qin-zhang
人工智慧和數位視訊的世界級科學家和企業家,百度前總裁張亞勤於2020年5月18日,在哥倫比亞大學工程學院的畢業典禮上發表主題演講。因為疫情的緣故,演講和畢業典禮將採取提前錄製形式,發送給全球的畢業生及其家人。
百度作為科技巨頭,向全球超過20億人提供包括移動互聯網和雲計算等服務,張亞勤曾負責智慧駕駛、雲計算、新興業務和公司的技術部門。是一位廣受讚譽的科學家和技術專家和創新領導者。他是聯合國、世界經濟論壇和許多公共論壇的領導人和發言人,積極討論新技術對社會變革性的影響以及如何縮小數位鴻溝。2018年,他帶領百度成為第一家加入國際人工智慧道德組織AI (PAI)的中國公司,目前也是全球最大自動駕駛開源平臺Apollo理事會的主席。
張亞勤說:“面對全球疫情,技術成為最關鍵的變革力量,高速網路、軟體和人工智慧等基礎技術塑造我們生活、學習、工作和娛樂方式。”他提到:“隨著世界進入一個充滿挑戰和不確定性的新階段,年輕工程師迎來了回應歷史使命的決定性時刻,不僅要以技術創新,還要以同理心、勇氣和人文主義精神來迎接使命。”
加入百度之前,張亞勤擔任了16年Microsoft的高管,任公司全球資深副總裁和微軟亞州研究院院長。2011年,他在中國創立了微軟風險投資加速器(Microsoft VentureAccelerator)。作為中國最有活力的創業引擎之一,該加速器已經幫助孵化了200多家公司。
張亞勤將在7月加入清華大學,擔任AI科學講席教授,並創立智慧產業研究院(AIR),將專注於第四次工業革命中的技術,包括自動駕駛,人工智慧、物聯網以及神經網路計算。
哥倫比亞大學工程學院院長瑪麗·博伊斯(MaryC. Boyce)表示:“我們很高興能請到張亞勤博士(Dr.Ya-Qin Zhang)給我們的畢業生做演講,以此來紀念這一重要的里程碑。”她談到:“在這個非凡的時代,沒有人能夠更好地講述技術在我們生活中扮演的角色,來描述技術在創造一個更緊密、更安全、更有創造力的人類社會中的潛力。無論工作還是社交,我們比以往任何時候都更加依賴技術來保持聯繫,我們的畢業生將進入一個變化的世界,他們也將成為時代變化的締造者。學生們將受益張亞勤博士的觀點,其非凡職業道路也將鼓舞學生們。”
張亞勤在12歲進入中國科技大學少年班,並獲得電氣工程學士和碩士學位。之後前往美國獲得喬治華盛頓大學的理學博士學位。他畢業于哈佛大學高管商業課程,在職業生涯的早期,曾擔任新澤西州普林斯頓(現為SRI)的Sarnoff Corp多媒體實驗室總監,還曾是GTE Labs(現為Verizon)的高級技術人員。
張亞勤是美國藝術與科學院院士和澳大利亞國家工程院院士。
1997年,年僅31歲的他,成為有史以來最年輕的科學家,被任命為IEEE會士。他撰寫了550多篇論文、12本書,並獲得了62項美國專利,為視頻編碼、流媒體、互聯網服務等領域的演算法和理論制定了全球標準。被IT時報、CNBC、《商業週刊》和全球商務評為亞洲十大CEO、年度CEO、50位全球傑出人物和十大創新者。
張亞勤博士是哥倫比亞工學院2022屆學生和2020屆商學院畢業生的家長,他同時還是哥倫比亞工學院訪問委員會的成員,也是哥倫比亞商學院的高級學者。
張亞勤哥倫比亞大學畢業典禮演講英文原文:
Leading in times ofuncertainty
President Bollinger, Dean Boyce, Parentsand Students:
I am honored to be here at this veryspecial occasion, at a very special time, in the most special form. First, abig congratulation to the class of 2020 for your remarkable accomplishments. Youmade it!
I am also a proud parent of Columbia.My son is a rising junior at the engineering school, and my daughter is also aclass 2020 for the business school. I share the immense joy and incrediblepride with all the parents, we all made it too!
This is undoubtedly the mostchallenging and uncertain time in our living memory.
We see the staggering pace ofinnovation and the transformative power of the fourth industrial revolution,with technology breakthroughs such as artificial intelligence, nano-technology,quantum computing, and 5G advanced communications.
We also see the sudden disruption andcatastrophic impact of the once-in-a-century pandemic at a global scale thatchallenges the very foundation of our social fabric, economic structure, andlife style.
For those of you who have learned the 2ndlaw of thermodynamics, you know the term “entropy”, which represents degree of chaosin a dynamic system. Claud Shannon, the founding father of information theory,extended this notion to measure information uncertainty and randomness. It’s fair to say that the Class of 2020 is the one that is “given” the highest entropy. The level ofunpredictability and chaos is unprecedented for you -- and for all of us.
Talking with you reminds me of my earlyyears as a student and young engineer. My first job after graduation in 1990was developing algorithms to compress imagery and video for remote transmission,essentially to extract the maximum entropy. The work eventuallycontributed in a small way to a set of international standards known as MPEGand H.26x, the base for today’s popular video applications used in Netflix, YouTube, Skype andZoom. Over last three decades, I had the distinct opportunity to work on someof the most exciting technologies such as HDTV, autonomous driving, AI, and cloudcomputing. I have had the wildest ride with not only a great deal of fun, butalso extraordinary hardship along the way. Let me share with you three of mypersonal learnings:
1) Be an adaptive learner in the world of dataexplosion and constant change. In today’s fast changing technology industry, most of what you learned fiveyears ago is irrelevant. The most valuable skill you’vegained at Columbia is the ability to learn new things, to discern the signalfrom the noise, and to extract entropy from the ocean of data. One routine Ifind particularly helpful is to commit just 10 minutes each morning and prioritize3 things – anything new and important to me – to learn that day.
2) Have a unique point of view and perspective. When you get into the realworld, there is a natural tendency to become “polished”, to follow existing trends, and toblend in with the rest.
I ASK you tomaintain your sharpness, your edge, and your differences. When I interviewpeople, particularly young engineers, I look for their point of view, theirentropy, and their flash of ideas, which to me is far more important than beingsmooth, polished or “correct”.
3) Hold Ethics and humanity at theheart of what you do. Over 2000 years ago, the great Greek thinker Sock-ruh-tease put ethics as the soul forthe pursuit of truth. Around the same time, the great Chinese philosopher Confuciusplaced “Renyi”, whichessentially means humanity, as the foundation for social structure. It is nocoincidence that two of the greatest minds from vastly different cultures hadthe same idea. This has become even more critical today as we all face morechoices, confusion, and temptations. Technology is neutral, but innovatorshave purpose. Engineering is a tool, but engineers serve humanity. “Engineering for Humanity”, the vision set byDean Mary Boyce for Columbia engineering is the very core of engineering andwhat engineers are all about.
My youngfriends, this is the defining moment for you, for you to rise, to shine andanswer the historic call of duty, with not only your talent, spark andinnovations, but also compassion, courage and humanity.
Congratulations again, Class 2020 !
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[英文學習] 到底該如何閱讀英文?
Extensive, intensive, or narrow reading? What is skimming and scanning?
英語學習者經常被要求在課堂上以多種方式閱讀。有些學習者被要求開口朗誦,讀出每個單詞。有些學習者則默念於心以理解文本。但默讀時,學習者該略讀其要義還是掃讀關鍵細節?抑或專注於語言功能還是練習閱讀策略?
English learners are often asked to read in diverse ways in the classroom. Some are asked to read orally and sound out each word. Others are told to read silently for comprehension. However, when reading silently, should learners skim for essential meanings or scan for key details? Or should they focus on linguistic features and practice reading strategies?
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Oral Reading
在找到一種閱讀方法之前,讓我們來檢視一下不同的閱讀類型。朗誦需要老師或學生大聲地朗讀,並幫助學生掌握聲韻,幫助他們改進語調、腔調、重音與節奏。默讀則包含精讀、泛讀以及窄式閱讀。
Before we can address these questions and find a suitable reading approach, let’s examine what the different reading types are.
Oral reading involves the teacher or students reading aloud and helps students to develop prosody, improving their intonation, tone, stress, and rhythm. Silent reading consists of intensive, extensive, and narrow reading, amongst others.
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Intensive Reading
精讀需要學習者在特定的學習目標與任務中進行精細的閱讀。這通常是課堂上的要求,學生須專注在文法及標示語等細節。同時學生還須辨別關鍵詞彙,並在老師的指導下仔細且反覆地閱讀文本。其目的在於建立語言知識以及對字面意涵、言外之意與修辭關係的理解。閱讀材料通常是少於500字的文本,因為較長的文本可能導致閱讀時難以關注到所有細節。
Intensive reading refers to reading in detail with specific learning aims and tasks. It is typically classroom-based, and students focus on features such as grammar and discourse markers. Students also identify key vocabulary, and text is read carefully and repeatedly with instructor input. The aim is to build language knowledge and understanding of literal meaning, implications, and rhetorical relationships. The materials used are usually shorter texts of 500 words or less at a time because it might be too difficult to focus on so many details with longer texts.
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Narrow Reading
窄式閱讀可被視為一種特殊的精讀,它是基於「可理解輸入」此一概念,意即學生閱讀略高於自身語言能力的材料。如此一來,在老師的協助下,學生得以輕鬆地專注於新的語言特徵。在練習窄式閱讀時,教師通常會找同一作者或同一主題的文章。因此,關鍵詞彙與文法結構會重複出現,學生便有更多機會在稍異的文本中看到這些特徵。這是一種非常成功的方法,因為它可以增進學生對文本的理解。
Narrow reading can be classified as a specific type of intensive reading. It is based on the concept of comprehensible input, in which students read materials slightly above their current linguistic abilities. In this way, students can easily focus on new language features with the aid of their teacher. When practicing narrow reading, teachers can find texts by the same author or the same topic. Thus, key vocabulary and grammatical structures repeat themselves, and students get many opportunities to see these features in slightly different contexts. It is a highly successful method because the comprehension of the text is enhanced due to learner familiarity with the author and subject matter.
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Extensive Reading, Scanning & Skimming
另一方面,泛讀需要學習者閱讀較長的文章,甚至閱讀整本小說以自娛並發展一般的閱讀技巧。泛讀經常是課外活動,因為老師可能會覺得這無法有效利用課堂時間,或者老師不希望課堂上太過安靜。
泛讀可能需要兩項技能:掃讀與略讀。我們可以掃讀關鍵細節或略讀要義。略讀與掃讀可使讀者大致掌握文本涵意。這並非意味著您在精讀時就不能略讀或掃讀,只是精讀通常專注在學習並理解語言特徵。當代的教育政策格外強調泛讀,因為我們期許學習者可以自主學習,並在課外進行閱讀。就其核心理念而言,泛讀鼓勵語言學習者讀其所愛!
On the other hand, extensive reading involves learners reading longer texts and even complete novels for enjoyment, and it aids learners in developing general reading skills. Extensive reading is usually done outside the classroom because teachers might feel it is not an effective use of class time, or are just uncomfortable with the extended silence.
Scanning and skimming are two skills commonly used in extensive reading. Readers can scan for key details or skim for essential meaning. Reading quickly with skimming and scanning can give readers a global or general understanding of the materials. This does not mean students cannot skim or scan when reading intensively, but typically, intensive reading focuses on learning and understanding linguistic features. Extensive reading is stressed in contemporary education policies, as learners are expected to be autonomous and read outside of class. At its core, extensive reading encourages language learners to read what they like!
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How should you read?
既然您已大致瞭解這幾種閱讀方式,您決定好要使用哪一種了嗎?答案是——您需要視情況而定!若您想進行泛讀,可閱讀更多有趣的新聞。若想精讀,您可以分析段落並與老師以及同學們回答問題。若想使用窄式閱讀,您可以找同一作者的同一主題文章,並專注在語言特徵。有些人甚至想以朗誦的方式來加強韻律或是重複閱讀來增加流暢度。
Now that you have a glimpse of different reading approaches, have you decided which you will use? The "answer" is that you need each for a different situation! You can practice extensive reading when reading for pleasure, or intensive reading when analyzing paragraphs with your teachers and peers. As for narrow reading, you can find articles by the same author on the same topic and focus on language features. Some might even want to practice oral reading to improve prosody or repeated reading to increase fluency.
訓練有素的老師可以傳授您各種不同的閱讀方法與策略,如此您便可自行練習。但即便您知道該怎麼做,您是否有足夠的決心與毅力?您該如何選擇閱讀材料並且積累閱讀策略呢?
A trained teacher can provide you with approaches and strategies for each situation so you can practice them on your own. However, even when you know how to read, do you have the determination and perseverance to read or do so much? How do you select the right materials, and how do you acquire reading strategies?
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Narrow Reading Course
如果您需要這些閱讀技巧與學習方法,也想練習窄式閱讀,那麼王梓沅老師的英文課程可以幫助到您。王梓沅老師將窄式閱讀拓展為窄式學習法,在不同的媒體上關注同一作者的同一主題資料。他的課程還使用「成長心態」與「恆毅力」學習法,傳授學習者如何開始並持之以恆,而後成為自己成功路上的最佳導師!
If you need these reading and learning strategies and want to practice narrow reading, Alexander Wang’s course is the one for you. Alex expands the narrow reading approach into narrow learning, focusing on effective language learning by using materials from the same author, the same theme, but different media. His class also guides students in developing a growth mindset with an emphasis on grit, teaching learners how they can start and sustain their learning.
The class aims to help learners become their own teachers on their English learning journey!
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Check out his class here:
限時折扣,最後倒數 >>> https://bit.ly/34DG64O
推薦該課程的所有收益將捐獻給慈善機構。在收到資金並完成捐贈後,我將會發表一個公告。
All proceeds from the referral of the class will be donated to charity. I will make an announcement when the funds are received and donated.
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References
Gardner, D. (2008). Vocabulary recycling in children's authentic reading materials: A corpus-based investigation of narrow reading. Reading in a Foreign Language, 20(1), 92-122.
Krashen, S. (2004). The case for narrow reading. Language Magazine 3(5):17-19.
MacLeod, M. (2013). Types of Reading. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
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autonomous learner 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的最佳貼文
[教育時評] Learner Autonomy 自主學習
跟Chen Lily老師合作的第二支影片!
如何成為自主的學習者 (an autonomous learner): https://youtu.be/HFXVicFbKn0
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Eric的心智圖詞彙攻略
https://bit.ly/2QgajQw
Lily 征服所有情境的英文聊天術
http://bit.ly/2taIz8L
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學習的動力: http://bit.ly/3a4G607
如何制定目標: http://bit.ly/2Rdi0aU
成長心態十大必知: http://bit.ly/2FTcgOd
何謂「自主學習」?
http://bit.ly/30PxLJx
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教育時評: http://bit.ly/39ABON9
autonomous learner 在 Autonomous Learning | Learning strategies, Learning, Student ... 的推薦與評價
Evaluating Learner Autonomy: A Dynamic Model with Descriptors ... The Autonomous Learner Model was developed by Dr. George Betts and Ms. Jolene Kercher to ... ... <看更多>