關於 add on醫學 ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

輻射傷害的防護基本理念： ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable)，受曝劑量越低越好的合理抑低原則。

在輻射傷害防護的範疇內，總的來說，LNT（Linear-Non-Threshold）模式對於高劑量、高強度的輻射暴露的情況相對來說，更加的適用。在一般日常生活的狀態來說，避免輻射傷害，普遍採取 ALARA( As Low As Reasonably Achievable），也就是越低越好的合理抑低原則，這是人類關於游離輻射防護的基本理念。

ALARA( As Low As Reasonably Achievable; 越低越好的合理抑低 )原則也是美國能源部國家核子保安總署(DOE/NNSA)輻射 緊急事件支援及訓練中心(REAC/TS)出版之「The Medical Aspects of Radiation Incidents （台灣翻譯為：輻射傷害醫療處置）」手冊內容中所提及的輻射防護基本理念。

“ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) is the underlying philosophy associated with protecting people from ionizing radiation.

It basically means that one should not unnecessarily expose themselves to radiation without the benefit outweighing the risk.

Time, distance, andshielding are widely considered to be the primary
concerns. At REAC/TS, we like to add a fourth item to the list - quantity. All four of these concepts are used concurrently with the others. "

其基本意涵是 : 一個人應該避免不必要且無利益的輻射 曝露風險（這裡指的是非醫療性質的輻射暴露。任何輻射暴露都會造成傷害，但在治療重大疾病的時候，兩害相權取其輕，接受有限度且嚴格控管的輻射照射將體內惡性病變組織破壞，阻止其增生、擴散惡化的潛在利益大於輻射照射所引起的傷害的醫療應用案例，不屬於這裡所指的“不必要且無利益的輻射曝露風險”的範疇）。

此外，有報導指出：“...... 在日本的實際研究案例中，「餵飲氘水佔1/3的水，經過1個禮拜，老鼠腦部組織裡的氫被替換掉，老鼠變得眼睛上吊，有攻擊性，一直囓咬鐵籠的鐵網，反覆地昏睡或暴躁。」東京工業大學理工特任教授入口紀男（Norio Iriguchi），透過老鼠實驗，提醒福島氚污染水的危害。

入口紀男教授是日本核磁共振學會委員，透過上述實驗鼠的核磁共振影像，解說老鼠腦部組織內的氫被氘替換之後，所發生的變化。「左邊有點突出的是嗅腦（嗅覺發達中樞），右下突起的部份是延髓開端。目前只有腦部明顯地浮腫了。」

福島核災後，產生大量輻射污染水，其中氚因為無法用過濾去除，又稱為氚污染水。多位專家警告，氚污染水的危害，不只是體內輻射被曝，還有在體內被當成氫嵌入到蛋白質等組織的問題。而入口紀男（用有同樣效果的氘做）的實驗，具體呈現後者的狀況。

「氚在體內被當成氫嵌入」是什麼意思呢？擁有近40年的放射線治療經驗、北海道癌症中心名譽院長西尾正道詳細解釋道：「氚在人體內會被當成氫來代謝。人體有62%是水（H2O），氚會被當成氫來結合，在種種構成人體的高分子化合物的化學式裡也一樣。」

「氚因為有這樣和物質相結合的性質，在體內造成長期被曝。用醫學實驗，可以證明氚會被當成氫攝入到細胞核內。構成DNA的基因的4個鹽基，是靠氫來結合，換成氚進去的話（失去結合力），鹽基化學式產生變化，遺傳情報也會改變。導致健康上的實際損害。」而當被攝入的氚衰變成氦時，也會損傷細胞（ http://www.inaco.co.jp/hiroshima_2_demo/pdf/20140103_tori_A4.pdf ）。

對此，西尾正道等專家批判：「不能說自然界本來就有而不考慮，原本自然界裡氚的最大來源就是核試爆跟核電，排放標準也是為了沸水式原子爐把氚排到海裡而制定的，並不是因為有在科學上醫學上檢討健康被害而決定的。」「因為距離極近，即便氚的放射線弱，仍會相當程度地傷害DNA。」

又，氚水的化學式是HTO，因為氚很容易和生物體內的碳結合，成為有機結合型氚（Organically Bound Tritium、簡稱為OBT），跟氚水相比，後者滯留體內時間為20~50倍，被染色體等人體重要部份攝取。「氚水被放流後，經生物攝取變成有機結合型氚，人類去吃這些生物，便會蓄積在體內。」在核食檢測上，有機結合型氚的檢測程序，又比普通的氚來得複雜。

氚，被日本諾貝爾物理學獎得主小柴昌俊，與馬克斯威爾獎（美國物理學會頒發）得主長谷川晃，稱之為劇毒。

福島核電廠在災後，因為會不斷放出有放射性的蒸氣等污染，入口紀男比喻為「國土百萬年的惡夢」。而這惡夢除了往大氣的污染，還因為地下水流經，每天產生3-400噸的輻射污染水。

在日本政府規劃的輻射污染水處理方案裡，海放是成本最低的方法，比起地下埋設等耗資千億日圓以上的方法，海放只要17~34億日圓。另一方面民間、在地漁業團體與鄰國，持強烈反對的立場。....."

也有多項相關的醫學研究報告指出：
A 1961 experiment showed that mice dosed with 21.5 μCi/g of Cs-137 had a 50% fatality within 30 days (implying an LD50 of 245 μg/kg).

A similar experiment in 1972 showed that when dogs are subjected to a whole body burden of 3800 μCi/kg (140 MBq/kg, or approximately 44 μg/kg) of caesium-137 (and 950 to 1400 rads), they die within 33 days, while animals with half of that burden all survived for a year.

Important researches have shown a remarkable concentration of 137Cs in the exocrine cells of the pancreas, which are those most affected by cancer.

In 2003, in autopsies performed on 6 children dead in the polluted area near Chernobyl where they also reported a higher incidence of pancreatic tumors, Bandazhevsky found a concentration of 137Cs 40-45 times higher than in their liver, thus demonstrating that pancreatic tissue is a strong accumulator and secretor in the intestine of radioactive cesium.

一項重要的醫學研究發現，人體胰腺外分泌細胞中所聚積的137Cs濃度非常高，而胰腺外分泌細胞是受癌症影響最大的人體細胞。

在2003年由Bandazhevsky研究團隊，對六名生活在靠近車諾比核災污染區附近的兒童的屍體進行醫學檢驗解剖。

解剖研究發現這六名兒童患胰臟惡性腫瘤的比率，比一般正常狀態下來的更高，經檢驗，研究團隊發現這六名兒童胰臟中所含的Cs-137濃度，竟然是肝臟中所含Cs-137濃度的40-45倍之多。研究證實在人體內Cs-137最容易聚積在胰臟內。

胰臟癌是指胰臟細胞發生癌變而產生的腫瘤，這些腫瘤細胞具有侵犯其他組織的能力。胰臟癌很少發生在40歲以下的病人，半數以上的患者超過70歲。

此外，1961年的一項實驗發現對老鼠注射21.5 μCi/g 濃度的Cs-137，在30天之內有一半的受試老鼠死亡，這項實驗的結果等同於半至死劑量為0.000245公克（也就是百萬分之245公克），所謂半至死劑量指的是指在固定濃度下，暴露一定時間（通常1～4 小時）後，觀察14 天， 能使試驗動物組群半數（50 %）死亡的濃度。

在1972 年有另外一項類似的實驗， 對受試驗的狗群注射3800 μCi/kg (140 MBq/kg, or approximately 44 μg/kg，大約百萬分之44公克濃度）Cs-137，這群受試的狗在33天內全數死亡，而另一群接受一半劑量的受試狗群，則可以存活到為期一年。

從上述的那些實際醫學研究例證，包括了比較適用於LNT模式的狀態，以及一般日常生活環境下遭遇到低劑量但是長期輻射暴露累積下來的狀態。ALARA( As Low As Reasonably Achievable; 合理抑低 )原則在兩種狀態下通通一體適用。

參考資料：
https://orise.orau.gov/resources/reacts/documents/medical-aspects-of-radiation-incidents.pdf

http://www.inaco.co.jp/hiroshima_2_demo/pdf/20140103_tori_A4.pdf

https://e-info.org.tw/node/221554

^Moskalev, Yu. I. (1961). "Biological Effects of Cesium-137". In Lebedinskiĭ, A. V.; Moskalev, Yu. I. (eds.). Distribution, Biological Effects, and Migration of Radioactive Isotopes. Translation Series. United States Atomic Energy Commission (published April 1974). p. 220. AEC-tr-7512.

^ H.C. Redman; et al. (1972). "Toxicity of 137-CsCl in the Beagle. Early Biological Effects". Radiation Research. 50 (3): 629–648. Bibcode:1972RadR...50..629R. doi:10.2307/3573559. JSTOR 3573559. PMID 5030090.
^ Nelson A , Ullberg S, Kristoffersson H, Ronnback C (1961). "Distribution of Radiocesium in Mice". Acta Radiologica. 55, 5 (5): 374–384.
doi:10.3109/00016926109175132. PMID 13728254.

^ Bandazhevsky Y.I. (2003). "Chronic Cs-137 incorporation in children's organs". Swiss Med. Wkly. 133 (35–36): 488–90. PMID 14652805.

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[時事英文] 世界衛生組織為何被批為「CHO」？
　
閱讀時，請務必檢視所有行為背後的動機，並探索其它觀點。同學們可以在這裡找到不同的觀點： https://bit.ly/39Z1y5v（影片63分鐘後有分析動機）
　
★★★★★★★★★★★★
　
《紐約時報》報導：
　
President Trump unleashed a tirade against the World Health Organization on Tuesday, accusing it of acting too slowly to sound the alarm about the coronavirus. It was not the first time in this pandemic that the global health body has faced such criticism. In Japan, Taro Aso, the deputy prime minister and finance minister, recently noted that some people have started referring to the World Health Organization as the “Chinese Health Organization” because of what he described as its close ties to Beijing. Taiwanese officials say the W.H.O. ignored its early warnings about the virus because China refuses to allow Taiwan, a self-governing island it claims as its territory, to become a member.
　
1、unleash 突然釋放；使爆發
2、tirade 長篇的抨擊性演說
3、face criticisms 面臨批評
4、deputy prime minister 副首相
5、note (v.) that… 提及⋯⋯；注意到⋯⋯
6、refer to (sb/sth) as (sb/sth) 將⋯⋯稱作*
7、sound the alarm 敲響警鐘；發出危險的訊號；引起警覺
8、close ties with 與⋯⋯的密切關係
9、self-governing 自治
　
週二，川普總統對世界衛生組織發起抨擊，指責該組織行動太慢，未及時就新冠病毒發出警報。在此次疫情中，這家全球衛生機構不是第一次面臨這樣的批評。日本副首相兼財務大臣麻生太郎最近稱，由於該組織與北京關係密切，有大量聲音將世界衛生組織稱為「中國衛生組織」。臺灣官員說，世界衛生組織忽視了有關該病毒的早期警告，這是因為中國拒絕臺灣成為世界衛生組織成員，聲稱該自治島嶼為其領土的一部分。
　
*refer to:
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/refer+to+as
https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/refer+to+as
　
★★★★★★★★★★★★
　
Critics say the W.H.O. has been too trusting of the Chinese government, which initially tried to conceal the outbreak in Wuhan. Others have faulted the organization and its leader, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, for moving too slowly in declaring a global health emergency.
　
10、conceal 隱蔽；隱瞞
11、fault (v.) 指責；挑……毛病；找……的缺點
12、a global health emergency 全球衛生緊急事件
　
評論人士稱，世界衛生組織一直以來過於信任中國政府，而中國政府最初試圖掩蓋武漢的疫情。還有人指責該組織及其領導人譚德塞在宣布全球衛生緊急事件方面行動太慢。
　
★★★★★★★★★★★★
　
The W.H.O., a United Nations agency, has defended its response, saying on Wednesday it alerted the world to the threat posed by the virus in a timely manner and that it was “committed to ensuring all member states are able to respond effectively to this pandemic.” The agency’s defenders say its powers over any individual government are limited, and that it has done the best it can in dealing with a public health threat with few precedents in history. There will be time later to assess successes and failings, “this virus and its shattering consequences.”
　
13、be posed by 由……所構成
14、in a timely manner 及時；在適當的時間內
15、be committed to 致力於；投入
16、have power over sb/sth 對⋯⋯有影響力（或操控力）
17、precedent 先例；慣例；判例
18、there will be time later to 之後將有……的時候
19、assess success and failings 評判成敗
20、shattering consequence 破壞性後果
　
身為聯合國機構的世界衛生組織對此作出了辯護，它在週三表示，自己已向世界發出警報，及時提醒人們該病毒所構成的威脅，並「致力於確保所有會員國都能有效應對該流行病疫情」。該機構的辯護者說，它對任何一個政府能行使的權力都是有限的，並且它已經盡了最大努力，來處理這個幾乎前所未見的公衛威脅。今後會有評判成敗以及評估「這種病毒及其破壞性後果」的時候。
　
★★★★★★★★★★★★
　
When cases of a mysterious viral pneumonia first appeared in Wuhan in December, Chinese health officials silenced whistle-blowers and repeatedly played down the severity of the outbreak. Even as late as mid-January, as the virus spread beyond China’s borders, Chinese officials described it as “preventable and controllable” and said there was no evidence it could be transmitted between humans on a broad scale. The W.H.O. endorsed the government’s claims, saying in mid-January, for example, that human-to-human transmission had not been proven.
　
21、viral pneumonia 病毒性肺炎
22、silence (v.) 使噤聲；使沉默
23、play down 對……作低調處理；淡化……的重要性（或糟糕程度）
24、severity (n.) 嚴重性
25、preventable and controllable 可防止的與可控制的（可防可控）
26、on a broad scale 廣泛地
27、endorse (v.)（公開）認可，支持；宣傳，吹捧
28、human-to-human transmission 人傳人
　
去年１２月，當武漢首現神秘的病毒性肺炎病例時，中國的衛生官員使吹哨人噤聲，並一再淡化疫情的嚴重性。甚至到了１月中旬，隨著該病毒傳播到中國境外，中國官員還稱其「可防可控」，並表示未發現明顯人傳人證據。世界衛生組織認可中國政府的說法，例如，它在1月中旬稱，人傳人現象尚未得到證實。
　
★★★★★★★★★★★★
　
Critics say the organization’s repeated deference to Beijing exacerbated the spread of the disease. A group of international experts was not allowed to visit Wuhan until mid-February. W.H.O. officials were slow to declare a public health emergency, critics say. Even as the virus spread to more than half a dozen countries and forced China to place parts of Hubei Province under lockdown in late January, the W.H.O. was reluctant to declare it a global health emergency. W.H.O. officials said at the time that a committee that discussed the epidemic was divided on the question of whether to call it an emergency, but concluded that it was too early. One official added that they weighed the impact such a declaration might have on the people of China.
　
29、deference (n.) to 服從；遵從
30、exacerbate 使惡化；使加劇
31、place (v.) …under lockdown 將……置於封鎖之中
32、reluctant 不情願的
33、conclude 斷定；作出結論
34、add 補充說；繼續說
35、weigh the impact 權衡此一衝擊
　
批評人士說，該組織對北京的再三遵從加劇了疾病的傳播。一組國際專家直到２月中旬才被允許訪問武漢。這次，世界衛生組織官員遲遲不宣布進入公共衛生緊急狀態。批評人士道。儘管該病毒擴散到六個以上的國家，並迫使中國在１月下旬封鎖湖北省部分地區，但世界衛生組織仍不願宣布這是全球衛生緊急事件。世界衛生組織官員當時表示，一個討論疫情的委員會在是否宣布緊急事件的問題上存在分歧，但最後得出的結論是現在下結論為時過早。一位官員補充說，他們權衡了這樣的聲明可能對中國人民產生的影響。
　
★★★★★★★★★★★★
　
China’s leader, Xi Jinping, has made it a priority to strengthen Beijing’s clout at international institutions, including the W.H.O., seeing the American-dominated global order as an impediment to his country’s rise as a superpower. China contributes only a small fraction of the W.H.O.’s $6 billion budget, while the United States is one of its main benefactors. But in recent years, Beijing has worked in other ways to expand its influence at the organization. The government has lobbied the W.H.O. to promote traditional Chinese medicine, which Mr. Xi has worked to harness as a source of national pride and deployed as a soft-power tool in developing countries, despite skepticism from some scientists about its effectiveness.
　
36、clout 權勢；影響力
37、the American-dominated global order 美國主導的全球秩序
38、impediment 阻礙；障礙物
39、superpower 霸權
40、benefactor 捐助者；贊助者
41、lobby (v.) 遊說
42、traditional Chinese medicine 中藥
43、harness 控制；利用……的動力
44、soft-power 軟實力
45、national pride 民族自豪感；民族自尊
46、skepticism 懷疑論；懷疑的態度
　
中國領導人習近平將美國主導的全球秩序視為中國崛起為超級大國的障礙，他把加強北京在世界衛生組織等國際機構中的影響力作為一項優先任務。在世界衛生組織６０億美元的預算中，中國的出資只佔一小部分，而美國是它的主要捐助者之一。但近年來，北京通過其他方式擴大自己在該組織中的影響力。中國政府一直遊說世界衛生組織推廣中藥，習近平曾利用它作為增進民族自豪感的源泉，並將其作為軟實力工具部署在發展中國家，儘管一些科學家懷疑它的有效性。
　
★★★★★★★★★★★★
　
Last year, the W.H.O. offered an endorsement of traditional Chinese medicine, including it in its influential medical compendium. China has sought to promote traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of symptoms of the coronavirus both at home and abroad. Last month, the W.H.O. was criticized after it removed a warning against taking traditional herbal remedies to treat the coronavirus from its websites in mainland China. China’s role at the W.H.O. will probably continue to grow in the coming years, especially if Western governments retreat from the organization, as Mr. Trump has threatened.
　
47、endorsement 支持；簽署
48、compendium 綱要
49、at home and abroad 國內外（在國內與國外）
50、herbal remedy 草藥療法*
51、treat (v.) the coronavirus 治療冠狀病毒
　
去年，世界衛生組織提出支持中藥，將其納入該組織頗具影響力的醫學綱要。中國一直尋求在國內外推廣治療新冠病毒癥狀的中藥。上個月，世界衛生組織在其中國大陸的網站上刪除了一條關於不要使用傳統草藥治療冠狀病毒的警告，該組織因此受到了批評。未來幾年，中國在世界衛生組織的作用可能會繼續增強，尤其是如果西方政府像川普威脅的那樣退出該組織的話。
　
＊按《劍橋詞典》，「herb」之定義為「a type of plant whose leaves are used in cooking to give flavour to particular dishes or in making medicine」，意即以植物的「葉子」製作藥材；其形容詞作「herbal」。再按《教育部重編國語辭典修訂本》，「藥草」意為「可供治病的草本植物」，而「草本植物」即「草質莖植物的總稱，屬開花植物」，故「herb」當譯作「藥草」，「herbal」則為「藥草的」。惟「草藥」係「取自植物界的藥材」，慮及中醫的藥材並非僅限於「草本植物」，此處遂將「herbal remedy」譯作「草藥療法」容較妥切。
　
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從非典到新冠肺炎

From SARS to Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) - English version is in the second half

新冠肺炎，Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) 新型冠状病毒肺炎，疫情越來越嚴重，被證實可以人傳人，也在武漢以外的許多地方發現病例，造成世界各國及世界衛生組織（WHO）高度關切，當然也讓很多住在中國大陸及附近區域的華人非常緊張，就好像當年的非典肺炎疫情即將再一次大爆發一樣。

目前，現代醫學還沒有找到治療新冠肺炎的方法，只能針對某些症狀來處理，疫苗的研發更是遙遙無期。怎麼辦？每次遇到這種情況，中醫就會被搬出來，這次也不例外。新冠肺炎爆發後，網上馬上有許多中醫對付新冠肺炎的文章。當然，除非哪位中醫師看過、治好過大量的新冠肺炎病例，所有的討論都是猜想、假設。然而，有些猜想及假設值得參考，有些猜想及假設卻明顯在誤導大眾。

我還沒有治療過新冠肺炎，不能大肆評論。不過，我治好過很多禽流感、豬流感、及每年流感導致的嚴重肺炎及其它病變的病人。其中許多病人是被美國大型西醫院證實為嚴重肺炎，被要求醫院或居家隔離，偷偷溜出來找中醫看診的。也因此許多病人及討論中醫的網站，希望我能針對新冠肺炎發表一些意見。

我們以前就討論過，這些彪悍的流感病毒，經過那麼多年、那麼多次的變種（mutation），每年都不一樣，東漢時期傳下來的經典中醫，根本沒有遇到過現在的病毒，怎麼可能治療如此嚴重的肺炎呢？

中醫從來就不認識病毒，也不從病毒種類的角度來思考。中醫是探討人體受到外界因素破壞，失去平衡後，身體會有哪些現象、哪些反應，根據那些現象、那些反應來調整身體狀況，期待身體能恢復到平衡狀態，把外界因素帶來的破壞減到最小。我打個半開玩笑的比方，警匪槍戰時，我們注意到壞人哪個方向來的火力強大，造成我們部署在哪個位置的警員傷亡，這時我們會趕緊重新部署人員，或者想辦法增派警力，我們大概無暇去管壞人是用哪個牌子的槍、哪個工廠做的子彈！

雖然幾百年幾千年下來，病毒變種等等的外界因素改變了非常多，人體演化的改變卻非常有限。人體的功能，無論是怎麼被破壞的，某項功能被破壞而導致的症狀、反應、後續演變，卻依然有明顯的脈絡可循。也因為如此，在很多情況下，中醫以專注人體本身平衡狀態的治療方式，反而比西醫專注在外來敵人的治療方式來得有效許多。

依據多年累積大量的臨床病例觀察，無論是禽流感、豬流感、還是每年的流感，人體敗壞的進程依然如同傷寒雜病論探討的一樣，非常簡化的說，從一般桂枝湯證、葛根湯證等的表寒，轉變到小青龍湯證等的裡寒，津液不足、水道運化失調而化熱，變成比較嚴重的大青龍湯證，或者更嚴重肺臟的寒熱夾雜，金匮要略肺痿肺癰咳嗽上氣病脈證治第七篇中的射干麻黃證、葶藶大棗瀉肺湯證、澤漆湯證、小青龍加石膏湯證等等混雜出現，搞得亂七八糟，也不再是什麼簡單方劑可以對應的。

然而，雖然進程很像，不同於一般外感的是，這些嚴重流感肺炎病情加重的改變速度快非常多，也來得猛烈頑強很多。一般的外感從桂枝湯證、葛根湯證等轉變到大青龍湯證或更複雜的病情，通常需要一兩週的時間。同時，還得病人自己非常不注意，或者醫生治療錯誤，一般感冒才會沒辦法自己好，反而變成嚴重的病症。這幾年的流感，從一開始覺得不太對勁，到嚴重複雜的病情，只需要三四天，而且有越來越快的趨勢。這大幅提高中醫師治療流感時，判斷功力及敏感度的要求，中醫師必須在許多症狀還沒有出現時，就得抓緊時間，趕緊行動，卻又不能預防過度，反而讓病情加重。換句話說，時機、劑量、藥材比例變得非常重要，稍有不慎，就無法反轉病情。

舉個例子，有些病人得了流感，咳嗽非常嚴重，痰非常多，呼吸困難。依照中醫的辨證，假如一致都是寒，舌苔白、小便清、怕冷等等，本來依照辨證論治，我們可能會開射干麻黃湯加減給病人。然而，因為流感的進程非常快速，中醫師得非常敏感，譬如看到舌苔白卻帶有一絲絲乾的感覺，就很可能得加上大寒的石膏來避免肺喪失津液，卻又不能加太多石膏，以免肺寒加重。又譬如聽到咳嗽聲音非常深沈，從肺的底部發出，又帶有膿痰的濁音，就很可能得加上瀉肺的葶藶來避免肺中水飲、痰飲大幅增加，卻又不能加太多葶藶，以免肺變得太虛弱。

我們回頭來看這次的新冠肺炎。根據有限的資訊，我們知道感染後有大約兩週的潛伏期，這段時間沒有什麼症狀，病人可能只會感到有些疲憊。剛開始發病時，很像一般的感冒，病人會發熱、乏力，並不嚴重，沒有什麼流鼻涕等上呼吸道的症狀，有的甚至沒有發熱。約一半的病人一週多後恢復，另一半的病人卻在一週後出現呼吸困難，有些病人會快速進展為急性呼吸窘迫綜合征、膿毒症休克、代謝性酸中毒、凝血功能障礙等等嚴重的問題，可能導致死亡。

從上面的敘述，我們不難發現，一開始很像一般中醫外感的桂枝湯證、葛根湯證，一半的病人也就自己恢復了，另一半的病人卻出現快速的入裡化熱現象，肺津液迅速流失，非常濃稠的痰飲沈積在肺部下方。同時，中醫認為肺為人體調節津液的源頭，肺金生水，好比天空下雨一般，而當肺的功能及津液調節出現嚴重障礙，很快就會拖累三焦水道、腎臟等的功能，導致上面提到的幾種嚴重病情。換句話說，新冠肺炎可以讓輕微的太陽證外感，迅速發展成嚴重的肺痿肺癰，再進一步瓦解人體其它功能的運作。

怎麼治療？在沒有直接治療武漢肺炎病人的情況下，我們也只能根據有限的資訊來推論，不過，以前大量的流感肺炎治療病例，可以讓我們比較有信心的面對新冠肺炎。當病人已經出現明顯新冠肺炎症狀時，大多已經入裡化熱，嚴重的肺痿肺癰。這個時候，得用大劑量的石膏清肺熱、加強肺津液運作。也得靠葶藶、大戟等把肺下方濃稠的痰飲及胸腔可能的積液去掉，痰飲積液不去，是無法修復肺家津液運作的。同時，肺氣不宣，就好像吸管上頭堵住了，吸管內的水無法上下，我們還得使用麻黃等宣肺、發陽的中藥來配合。另外，肺已經受損了，除了大動作急救外，比較穩定後，還得靠一些潤肺的藥來收尾，讓肺完全恢復。如果我們列一個可能加入的中藥單，大致有石膏、葶藶子、大戟、生半夏、麻黃、射干、紫菀 、款冬花、 生薑、炙甘草、紅棗、麥門冬、杏仁等等。當然，如前面所言，用藥的時機、劑量、藥材比例非常重要，每一個病人的差異也很大，嚴格考驗中醫師的功力與膽識，一旦判斷錯誤，不但沒有效果，反而可能會加重病情。

網上有些中醫師，說新冠肺炎或其它流感肺炎可以用板藍根清熱解毒來治好。也有些中醫師說可以用麥門冬湯等等的輕劑治好嚴重的肺炎。甚至還有些中醫師說多喝綠豆湯可以預防新冠肺炎！其實，真的遇過、治好過禽流感、豬流感等嚴重流感肺炎的中醫師，一看這些文章，就幾乎可以確定這些人根本沒有治療過嚴重肺炎的經驗，充其量只是在西醫治療下，在旁邊幫幫病人一些小忙而已。這樣的情況下，難怪中國政府平時大力推展中醫，真的有如同新冠肺炎這樣重大疫情爆發時，卻看不到中國政府大量使用中醫方法來治療病人、控制疫情。醫學是實戰的學問，沒有大量臨床病例，講得再好聽都是沒有用的，如果希望中醫真的在主流醫學裡站立起來，希望中醫真的能面對大規模的疫情，回歸最基本的臨床療效，才是最重要的，其它都只像是武術表演，而非實際作戰。

From SARS to Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)

Written in Chinese by Dr. Andy Lee, January 21, 2020
Translated to English by Dr. James Yeh and Dr. Andy Lee, March 28, 2020

The epidemic from Novel Coronavirus is becoming much more serious. Transmissivity among people has been proven. (Note: It's now named COVID–19. The term “Coronavirus” will be used here.) Cases were found in areas beyond Wuhan. It has caused serious attentions from the WHO (World Health Organization) and many countries around the world. The residents in China and the surrounding regions are quite worried and wonder whether it will break out like SARS (2003). (Note: The article was written on January 21, 2020, before Coronavirus became a global pandemic.)

So far, the modern medical field has not found a cure for Coronavirus, but resorts to treating patients’ symptoms only. Any vaccine to treat Coronavirus is still no way in the sight. What do we do? Every time such a situation happens, the topic of using Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is raised (at least among the Chinese communities). There is no exception this time. Many articles related to using TCM on Coronavirus have been popping up on the web. However, unless some TCM doctors who have actually treated many Coronavirus cases, all the discussion would be hypotheses or assumptions. Some hypotheses are worth considering while many others could be quite misleading.

Personally I have not treated patients cases related to Coronavirus. (Note: Shortly after this writing, the author has directly and indirectly participated in treating patients of Coronavirus successfully, and has published other later blogs which included his involvement in treating those patients. Please refer to his medical blog http://www.DrLee.us.) However, I did treat and cure patients inflicted by other viruses in the past, such as the Bird Flu, Swine Flu, and other influenza. A good amount of those patients were diagnosed as severe pneumonia by large hospitals and were required for isolation or self-quarantine. Hence many of patients and online medical forums online are asking for my opinions about Coronavirus.

As we discussed before, all these viruses from the outbreaks are either newly found or mutated from previous strands. The strand can be different every year. Therefore, people always ask how one can say that the TCM knowledge developed in East Han Dynasty (25-220 AD) would be any useful for treating the modern diseases, let alone the severe ones.

It turns out that TCM does not recognize any virus and does not deal with the concept of which type of virus is microscopically at work. TCM looks at how human bodies would become out-of-balance and react to external stimuli. Once the body is out of balance, what symptoms will exhibit and what reactions will be to adjust the body conditions to regain the balance, hence to reduce the damage to the body to the minimum. Let me take an example to illustrate: when there is a gunfight between the police and bandits, we want to see which direction the shots are coming from, causing casualties of the police force, so that we are able to adjust or reinforce the police power. We have no time to think about which brand of the guns or bullets the bandits use.

Over thousands of years, the external viruses have changed and evolved quite a bit, but the evolution of human beings was quite limited. The human body function, no matter how it was damaged, the symptoms due to the damage of the function, the reactions, and the following progression of the disease still follow certain paths. For this very reason, TCM’s focus on the balance of the human body often surpasses the effectiveness of Western medicine, which focuses more on external treats and the microscopic aspect of how human body’s cells are impacted by the external treats.

From the accumulation of many years of clinical treatment and observations, no matter it is Bird Flu, Swine Flu or other influenza, the bodily ‘damage’ and its progression by the viral attack still follow the description of the classic TCM literature “Treatise on Cold Damage on Miscellaneous Disease” (傷寒雜病論). In short summary, the disease usually starts with “Exterior Deficiency or Weakness” (表虛) or “External Coldness” (表寒), for which is matched to one of the several syndromes named with the corresponding herbal remedies such as “Gui Zhi Tang” (桂枝湯) and “Ge Geng Tang” (葛根湯). Then, the disease moves onto the next stage “Interior Coldness” (裡寒) or “Lung Coldness” (肺寒), which shows the syndromes named as “Xiao Qing Long Tang” (小青龍湯), etc. When the respiratory system is “affected by the coldness”, the body fluid function of the respiratory system gets affected. The circulation function of the lung becomes “Dry and Overheated” (燥热). This would lead to a more serious stage “Heated Interior” (入裡化熱) and would often be matched to its herbal remedy “Da Qing Long Tang” (大青龍湯). Or, even worse, it becomes so-called “mixed coldness and heat” (寒熱夾雜) in the lung. Such a complex situation was extensively discussed in Chapter 7 of the classic literature “Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber” (金匮要略肺痿肺癰咳嗽上氣病脈證治第七篇). At this complex stage, the illness development varies significantly among patients of different preconditions and other variants. It is no longer the situation that a simple herbal remedy can be applied to all the situations. The TCM theory illustrates various treatments by those herbal remedies such as “She Gan Ma Hung Tang” (射干麻黃湯), “Ting Li Da Zao Xie Fei Tang” (葶藶大棗瀉肺湯), ”Ze Qi Tang” (澤漆湯), “Xiao Qing Long Jia Shi Gao Tang” (小青龍加石膏湯), and others.

However, even the disease progressions are similar, the more serious viral attacks like Coronavirus can and often do progress much faster with more severe consequences than the common flu. As described in the previous paragraph, normally the disease progression of the “External Coldness” stage to the more serious “Heated Interior” stage usually takes one to two weeks. It is also often due to the ignorance of the patient or misdiagnosis and treatment of the doctor, which prevents the patient from recovering from this “catching a cold”. In the recent several years though, the time period between the time that the patient did not feel well and the time that the patient is in a serious and complex situation can be as short as 3 to 4 days. We also see the trend that this period gets shorter and shorter. In other words, the disease progression is getting much faster. This phenomenon poses a much higher demand on TCM doctors’ ability to make a quick and proper judgment and sensitivity to the subject matter. TCM doctors must intercept the disease progression before it reaches to a more serious stage, even without obvious symptoms of the next stage. TCM doctors have to timely prescribe the proper herbal remedy in terms of the type of herbs and relative dosages of herbs. Too weak a dosage could not stop the progression while too strong a dosage could worsen the condition also. A misjudgment would not be able the turn the conditions around, but hurt the patient more.

The above can be illustrated by a simple example. A patient caught flu and has symptoms such as heavy coughing, lots of sputum, and difficulty in breathing. From the TCM dialectics, with observations of white tongue coating, clear urine, and feeling chilly, etc., it is clearly caused by “Coldness”. Such a patient typically should be prescribed with “She Gan Ma Hung Tang” (射干麻黃湯) or its variations. However, due to the fast progression of the modern flu, the TCM doctor would need to pay attention to much subtle details such as the dryness of the tongue although it still shows the white coating. In this case, Sheng Shi Gao (Gypsum, 生石膏) might need to be added to the herbal remedy to make sure that the lung would not suffer dryness. Given that Sheng Shi Gao (Gypsum, 生石膏) itself is an ingredicient that is “very cold” in nature, the dosage could not be too strong to make the lung too chilly. At the opposite end of the spectrum, if the sound of the coughing is very ‘deep’, like dense sputum coming from the bottom of the lung, the herbal remedy might need to add Ting Li (Sisymbrium indicum, 葶藶) to clear up the lung to avoid too much mucus in the lung. And again, the dosage of葶藶 could not be too much to weaken the lung. (Note: Handling the proper timing and proper remedy can be a real test to the ability and experience of the TCM doctor.)

Let’s go back to the discussion on Coronavirus. From the limited information available so far, we know that there are about two weeks of incubation period after the infection. There are little symptoms during this period and the patient may just feel more tired than usual. More obvious symptoms will start like those of common flu with fever, fatigue but not too serious. Upper respiratory symptoms like running nose are less common. Some patients may not even exhibit fever. About half of the patients infected will recover over a week or so. The other half of the patients will experience difficulty in breathing, or rapid progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, metabolic acidosis, coagulopathy, etc. Some patients had died due to these severe conditions.

From the above description, this Coronavirus, in the beginning, is very much like the common flu and will stay in stages of “Exterior Deficiency or Weakness” (表虛) or “External Coldness” (表寒). Half of the patients infected will recover by themselves as in common cold. The other half of the patients may exhibit situations of rapid penetration into inner organs and excess ‘heat’, which causes loss of fluidity of respiratory system and accumulation of dense sputum at the lower part of the lung. In the TCM theory, the lung serves as the initial “gating factor” of body fluids. When the lung fails to serve the proper function, other organs like the kidney will be adversely affected also. In other words, Coronavirus can turn a light “External Coldness” to extremely severe “Lung Atrophy” (肺痿) and “Lung Abscess” (肺癰), which in turn will impair the function of other organs.

How to treat? Without direct experience of treating Coronavirus patients, we can only postulate from our limited information available in hand. (Note: Shortly after this writing, the author has directly and indirectly participated in treating patients of Coronavirus successfully. The treatments were exactly as outlined in this article.) From the ample experience of dealing pneumonia cases caused by flu, we are confident that we can also treat Coronavirus successfully. When patients are showing the obvious Coronavirus symptoms, most of them would have entered the stage of “Heated Interior” (入裡化熱) with “Lung Atrophy” (肺痿) or “Lung Abscess” (肺癰) to a certain degree. At this stage, we will need large dosages of Sheng Shi Gao (Gypsum, 生石膏) to clear the heat to ensure the proper fluidity function of the lung. Also, we will rely on Ting Li (Sisymbrium indicum, 葶藶), Da Ji (Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr., 大戟), etc. to clear up the dense mucus at the lower part of the lung and to remove the edema of the chest chamber. Without getting rid of the excess mucus and fluid, the lung cannot properly function. We need to use Ma Huang (Ephedra sinica Stapf., 麻黃), etc. to enhance the lung function (宣肺、發陽) and restore proper breathing. When the lung is damaged as in fibrosis, after the conditions stabilize, we need to “moisturize” the lung (润肺) to help the lung to recover fully. In other words, we will most likely use the herbal ingredients such as Sheng Shi Gao (Gypsum, 生石膏), Ting Li (Sisymbrium indicum, 葶藶), Da Ji (Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr., 大戟), Sheng Ban Xia (Pinellia ternate, 生半夏), Ma Huang (Ephedra sinica Stapf., 麻黃), She Gan (Belamcanda chinensis, 射干), Zi Wan (Aster tataricus, 紫菀), Kuan Dong Hua (Tussilago farfara flower, 款冬花), Sheng Jiang (Ginger, 生薑), Zhi Gan Cao (processed Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., 炙甘草), Hong Zao (Ziziphus jujube, 紅棗), Mai Men Dong (Ophiopogon japonicas, 麥門冬), Xing Ren (Prunus armeniaca, 杏仁), and others. As we discussed in previous paragraphs, the timing, dosage, the relative ratios of different herbal ingredients are very critical. Given that there are quite some variations in patient conditions, the challenges on TCM doctors’ comprehensive knowledge, judgment and courage are unprecedented.

In those articles online, some TCM doctors claimed that Coronavirus can be cured by Ban Lan Gen (Isatis tinctoria root, 板藍根), which is believed to have natural antibiotic chemicals to “clear up the heat and toxics”. Some TCM doctors suggested using a simple mild herbal remedy “Mai Men Dong Tang” (麥門冬湯), which mainly relies on the ingredient Mai Men Dong (Ophiopogon japonicas, 麥門冬). Some people even suggested that having the green bean soup could prevent Coronavirus. In fact, those TCM doctors who have good experience of treating Bird Flu, Swine Flu, and pneumonia caused by other influenza would know that the people making those claims never had the real experience of treating severe pneumonia. They at most helped in a minor way the patients under Western medicine treatments. Under such conditions, it is not a surprise that the China government has not used TCM as the primary method of treating Coronavirus, despite its big promotion of TCM in the recent years. (Note: After this writing, Coronavirus epidemic became so severe in China that the China government changed its strategy and started to use TCM extensively in treating many mild Coronaviurs cases.)

Medicine is the science based on real treatment results. Without a good amount of successful cases in clinical treatments, it is useless to promote any fancy idea of treating patients. If we would like TCM to be respected in the mainstream medicine and to be meaningfully used in a severe epidemic like Coronavirus, it is critical to focus on the most fundamental. That’s the clinical results. Like the martial arts, unless you can fight off the bad guys, it’s just a show of fancy movements.

（http://andylee.pro/wp/?p=7169）
#當張仲景遇上史丹佛

多囊性卵巢症候群 (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ，PCOS)是一種很常見的婦科內分泌疾病，以持續不排卵、高雄激素或胰島素抗性（insulin resistance，IR）為特徵的內分泌紊亂的症候群。

每 10 名婦女中就有 1 人受 PCOS 影響。

此症會導致患者不正常排卵，乃女性不孕的常見成因. 現今西醫學界未清楚多囊性卵巢症的成因，但估計與肥胖或基因缺陷有關.

何謂多囊卵巢？ What is the characteristic of PCOS?

在生理期的時候，卵巢內的囊狀卵泡會在濾泡激素的作用下發育，進而排出卵子。一般人在月經初期的時候，卵巢內會有十個左右的正常卵泡，其中只有一個卵泡會發育成熟並排卵。其他的卵泡則會退化或不發育，等待下一個週期。而多囊性卵巢症的卵巢內會有小而不成熟的卵泡大約20多個左右，因為腦下垂體荷爾蒙濾泡激素的分泌量，不足以使一個卵泡成熟，便無從進行排卵，接著導致不孕症，這些卵泡以小囊的型式繼續存在於卵巢內，積少成多，便形成多囊性卵巢。

病徵 Symptoms of PCOS

大部分多囊性卵巢症候群患者的病徵於青春期後期或二十多歲時始發，多數患者只會出現以下眾多病徵中的一到兩項：

不育 (infertility)：無排卵或不規則排卵，如不接受治療則難以或甚至不能受孕

卵巢增大 (enlarged ovaries)：多囊性卵巢通常比正常的卵巢大1.5倍至3倍，有時可導致腹痛

肥胖或超重 (weight gain)：脂肪通常會分佈於腹部周圍，形成典型的蘋果身形（而不是啤梨身形）

多毛症（體毛過多）(excessive hair growth)：過多的體毛可出現於面部、胸前、腹部、乳房、拇指及腳趾　

禿髮（毛髮稀疏）(thinning of hair)：患者會出現典型的男性禿髮，頭頂和鬢角的毛髮會變得稀疏　

痤瘡 (acne)：男性荷爾蒙的增加可引致痤瘡和頭皮屑的出現　

血液中男性荷爾蒙（如睪丸酮）水平上升，稱為「雄性激素過多症」(increase in male hormone testoterone)

多囊性卵巢症的潛在危機：Other associated risked relating to PCOS

1.子宮內膜癌 (thickening of the uterus lining)：
子宮內膜一樣會增生增厚，但因不排卵，所以沒有黃體素(progesterone)的生成，因此子宮內膜不會定期剝落月經，而持續的子宮內膜增生易造成子宮內膜癌。

2.代謝症候群（高血糖、高血壓、高膽固醇)：(Diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol)
多囊性卵巢症患者，尤其是肥胖者，易罹患成人型糖尿病。多囊性卵巢症併肥胖症患者易有高血酯症及高血壓症，罹患心臟血管疾病也比一般人高。
所以這些患者，定期抽血檢查膽固醇 Cholesterol、三酸甘油脂 Triglyceride 及飯前血糖濃度是重要的.

多囊卵巢症候群的治療方法 (PCOS treatment)

多囊卵巢症候群治療的目的主要是建立有排卵的正常月經周期，恢復生育能力，消除多毛。一旦建立了正常的月經周期，就能受孕，卵巢也不再產生過多雄激素，多毛也隨之消失.

對荷爾蒙的治療 (PCOS hormone treatment)

PCOS 是荷爾蒙失調，所以對于 PCOS 的治療部分應包括儘量保持荷爾蒙平衡。 有兩種方法可以達到這個效果：

1) 增加體內女性荷爾蒙含量
2) 减弱男性荷爾蒙增加的影響
3) 爲增加女性荷爾蒙的含量，你的醫生可能會爲你開避孕藥。避孕藥有以下作用：
促使你的經期更加正常
改善粉刺幷减少臉部和身體毛髮的生長
降低患子宮內膜癌的風險

爲减弱男性荷爾蒙的影響，你的醫生會爲你開抗雄激素藥物。抗雄激素藥物有以下作用：
- 阻擋男性荷爾蒙在人體內活動
- 减少不想要的毛髮生長和粉刺

PCOS 和懷孕
如果你想懷孕，請咨詢醫生。有些治療能够增加你懷孕的機會。

建議：
1.吃排卵藥 (排卵藥會讓子宮內膜變薄)
2.運動 (運動可以讓男性賀爾蒙降低)
3.吃避孕藥三個月 (避孕藥可讓黃體素正常分泌，補充女性荷爾蒙)

所以要是跟我一樣有多囊性卵巢的女生，
不用擔心，妳們也是可以正常懷孕的~
像是比較肥胖的女生，第一步要先瘦下來，記得多運動
瘦下來後受孕的機率會大很多! :)

縱使現在的西醫很發達，
但我總覺得吃太多藥對身體不太好，
所以能盡量不吃就不吃，
還是用最自然、健康的方式達到目的比較好!!

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Kayi Cheung 張嘉兒

無限小時，沒有休息。最重要的工作，也是世界上最辛苦的工作。
Unlimited hours. No breaks. The most important job is also the world's toughest job.

一個母親的影響力是無窮的，正如她的工作描述。
正因為職責無限，母親們最高階的專業人士。
A mom's impact is endless. And so is her job description.
Add to the unlimited list of responsibilities, requirements and
reasons why moms are professionals of the highest order.

Job Description: Director of Operations 營運總監
Area of Talent: Managers/Directors/Administrators
Position Type: Full-Time 全職
Salary: Pro Bono/No-Pay

To add to the conversation, Tweet: #worldstoughestjob
To add to the unending list of requirements visit: http://www.worldstoughestjob.net
From American Greetings and Cardstore.

Original Footage by cardstore:
World's Toughest Job - #worldstoughestjob
http://youtu.be/HB3xM93rXbY

世界上最辛苦的無給職
史上最辛苦的工作嚇到O嘴
世上最辛苦工作 感動百萬網民
世上最辛苦工作無糧出但大把人做

筍工成日聽，咁最辛苦嘅工呢？呢兩日網上勁多人廣傳呢條短片，幾日不到就有超過500萬人次點擊。
片段講有幾個人透過網上視像見工，份工銜頭好勁，叫做「Director of Operations」，不過呢份工每周工作135小時以上，聖誕新年都要返，無人工無病假，面試者聽後即想掟cam發脾氣走人；這時候主持人詞鋒一轉，強調世上有千千萬萬人返緊呢份工，結果面試的人都被感動了！

5月第2個星期日就是母親節，大家想好和親愛的媽媽到哪裡慶祝嗎？還是已經忘記母親的辛勞，變成毫不重要的節日？
外國有賀卡公司訛稱聘請高職，透過視像跟應徵者面試，在鏡頭前提出多項難以達到的要求，包括24小時on call、隨時準備工作、節日時特別忙碌、沒有時間睡覺及休息、要精於醫學、烹任及財務，而且薪金是零！
看着求職者臉容逐漸變黑，面試官卻說世上有數以億計人正在擔任這個職位，那就是天下間的偉大母親。

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