#八百回合經濟談
〔#讓振興券飛一會兒 #是逆風高飛還是卵覆鳥飛?〕
上禮拜的 #桃園市普發五千 提到發放振興券或現金對財政健全的傷害,這週政經八百就帶壯士們談談——振興券究竟有沒有效果?
▌ 振興券呼聲再起
在近乎完美防守一年多後,今年五月台灣進入三級警戒,迎來的是各大產業的生意下滑,許多人的生計因此受到影響。
這樣的背景下,出現不少重發振興券或是普發現金的呼聲。
由於許多人抱怨之前的振興券使用複雜,而且要掏出 1000 元才能換取總共 3000 元的券;
再加上實體券印製和配發成本高,很多人希望政府直接普發現金,以減去不必要的浪費。
但是普發現金真的比振興券好嗎?振興券究竟能不能有效紓困疫情的衝擊?
▌ 需求面的財政政策
不論是普發現金還是發放振興券,原理都是基於傳統凱因斯的理論:
透過增加民眾所得來刺激民眾的消費,從而使企業的收入上升,避免企業在不景氣時解雇員工而造成失業。
理論上,增加的收入也會進到員工的口袋,從而進一步增加消費,自此無限循環。
但是天下沒有白吃的午餐,發放現金和振興券的財源都是民眾繳納的稅負!
要是政府發了 100 萬,全國增加的收入卻不足100萬,等於全國民眾實際上付出了更高的代價來刺激消費。
因此,這時候政策能不能催出比成本更多的消費便十分關鍵。
▌ 財政乘數
財政乘數簡單來說,就是政府每發放 1 元,我們國內的總所得(GDP)會上升多少元。
在普發現金的情況下,民眾可以輕易地把部分現金存入,並選擇不消費,而企業也不會因此收入增加。
這樣一來,財政乘數就會很低,振興的效果便不容易達成。
近期幾篇對美國在疫情期間紓困的研究發現,民眾收到現金以後,存款有顯著的上升。
紓困金中僅有 35% 左右用於消費,且消費的商品集中於本來就會使用的生活必需品。
考量到亞洲人普遍儲蓄率高,在台灣普發現金對刺激景氣的效果可能更差。
相反的,我國去年發放的振興券則要求民眾先將手上的現金拿去兌換實體券,這樣不但沒辦法將這筆錢存入,還得在時效內使用於特定商家,迫使民眾必須增加消費,進而振興經濟。
然而,這樣的實體券仍然會出現與現金相同的替代問題:
民眾用得來的振興券來購買本來就會用現金購買的生活必需品,把原本會使用的現金存起來,導致消費其實終究沒有增加。
▌ 財政政策的延遲
普發現金和振興券除了對於刺激整體經濟效果有限,他們也很可能無法及時紓困到快要撐不住的中小企業。
財政政策在總體經濟領域最為人詬病的一點就是「政策延遲」:疫情自五月爆發至今已近三個月,撐不住的中小企業在這段期間很可能已經關閉。
政府如果九月發放振興券,民眾如果十月才消費、把錢花出去,振興券的好處也進不到這些已經關閉的中小企業手中。
連帶地,受到影響而失業的員工也因為沒有收入來源,僅能將領到的振興券或現金花在生活必需品上。
他們不但不會因此額外支出並刺激消費,也因為沒有工作而無法收到振興券所帶來的好處。
普發的現金和振興券最終可能會集中到不需要紓困的企業手裡,反而失去了紓困的原意。
▌ 小結
雖然振興券實際的成效仍然需要更多的資料來評估,但以上這些因素,都使得普發現金或振興券未必能夠達成紓困和振興經濟的目標。
目前政府針對受影響的企業和員工所提供的紓困金,可能會比振興券在減少失業、保障中低收入戶所得上更為直接有效。
參考資料:
Guerrieri, V., Lorenzoni, G., Straub, L., & Werning, I. (2020). Macroeconomic implications of COVID-19: Can negative supply shocks cause demand shortages? (No. w26918). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Bi, H., & Gulati, C. (2021). Fiscal Relief during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Economic Review, 106(2), 5-24.
Karger, E., & Rajan, A. (2020). Heterogeneity in the marginal propensity to consume: evidence from Covid-19 stimulus payments.
#臺灣 #生活 #政經八百 #知識 #大學生 #經濟 #經濟學 #台灣 #科普 #科普經濟 #懶人包 #普發 #發現金 #現金 #紓困 #振興 #振興券 #政策
同時也有7部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過86萬的網紅Joseph Prince,也在其Youtube影片中提到,Do you find yourself all over the place, pulled in numerous directions by worries and cares? This excerpt is from: Distracted And Depressed? Help Is O...
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negative supply 在 อ๋อ มันเป็นอย่างนี้นี่เอง by อาจารย์เจษฎ์ Facebook 的最讚貼文
(วันก่อนให้สัมภาษณ์กับสำนักข่าว บางกอกโพสต์ มาครับ) Assoc Prof Jessada Denduangboripant, a lecturer at Chulalongkorn University's Faculty of Science, said self-testing is better than not testing at all or self-monitoring for symptoms because most people are asymptomatic.
However, users must be careful about false positives. Those who test positive should reconfirm their status with an RT-PCR test in hospitals and labs.
Similarly, those who test negative but are at risk of infection must self-test again three or four days later when the level of the virus is higher and can be detected.
"You might test negative but you should assume that you can be positive anytime. Even if you test positive (false-negative result), the process will help screen out those who are actually infected," he said.
Last week, the FDA approved the registration of five antigen test kits for home use. They are currently being sold at around 250 baht per piece.
However, those at high risk should contact local clinics and hospitals for free rapid testing.
The National Health Security Office (NHSO) also approved the purchase of over 8.5 million home-test kits at a cost of around one billion baht to be given to Thais and migrant workers next month.
However, the government must take more actions to expand access to self-test kits because though they are less sensitive, they are cheaper and more readily available than RT-PCR tests.
The FDA and the NHSO said they will likely fix the price of the kits at 100 baht apiece to ensure affordability and prices will go down when more supply hits the market.
"Provincial and local administrations should spend their budget on self-testing rather than spraying disinfectants. The mass testing at Talad Thai is a very good model to follow as visitors are screened for free. If the government subsidises this scheme, it will increase accessibility," Jessada said.
Vulnerable groups will benefit from free coronavirus testing. He added that the rate of screening in migrant workers will be increased because companies can now afford tests.
In the past, they offered very limited testing due to high costs, which led to the emergence of clusters of infections.
He stressed that the Centre for Covid-19 Situation Administration (CCSA) must implement self-testing and home isolation plan nationwide because officials are using this method to ease the burden of RT-PCR testing.
The hospitalisation of asymptomatic and mild patients has overstretched the public health system.
"In foreign countries, they are being treated at home. We must get used to home isolation. Moreover, the requirement that providers of RT-PCR tests must admit positive cases should be scrapped," he added.
Those who test positive using self-test kits can contact the NHSO on its hotline 1330 or via its website crmsup.nhso.go.th for home isolation.
Currently, only patients in Bangkok and adjacent provinces are being treated at home and in the community. People in other provinces are being treated in hospitals and field hospitals as usual.
negative supply 在 Facebook 的精選貼文
"Wherever the powerful revelation of “no condemnation” goes, resurrection life flows!"
Friend, did you know that our Lord Jesus doesn’t want you to go through life harboring introspective and self-condemning thoughts and emotions? Condemnation kills (2 Cor. 3:6–9), and these self-accusatory thoughts and emotions often insidiously produce stress, sickness, and other harmful effects in your life.
Jesus delivered you from such a life of defeat when He died for you at the cross. He took upon Himself all your sin and condemnation so that you could be made the righteousness of God in Christ (2 Cor. 5:21) and live free from sin-consciousness (Heb. 10:22). Romans 8:1 tells us that there is “no condemnation to those who are in Christ Jesus”!
Wherever this powerful revelation of “no condemnation” goes, resurrection life flows—eradicating stress, sickness, disease, and other forms of death you may be seeing in your life.
This week, will you actively receive the gift of “no condemnation” by believing that you are righteous in Christ? Instead of looking to yourself to do better or be better in life, look to Jesus. He is not condemning you or demanding from you. Instead, He is supplying you with all you need. In your struggle with negative emotions or bad habits, He is supplying you with victory and shalom-peace. In your work or career, He is supplying you with the wisdom, abilities, and opportunities you need to succeed. In your marriage or parenting, He is supplying you with the largeness of heart, the favor, and the wisdom you need to see your relationships flourish.
So this week, every time you feel demanded from or condemned, say this, “Thank You, Lord, for Your grace. Thank You that there is no condemnation in Christ. Because You have made me righteous, I can depend on You to supply all I need!”
The more you are Christ-conscious instead of sin-conscious, the more you will see the Lord’s abundant resurrection life flowing into every part of your being—spirit, soul, and body—and into every area of your life!
This is taken from the Own The Word (life application) portion of our weekly sermon notes. Read our official sermon notes from this latest sermon, Christ-Consciousness Brings Life (Jul 18, 2021) here: https://bit.ly/3exjMA0
negative supply 在 Joseph Prince Youtube 的最佳貼文
Do you find yourself all over the place, pulled in numerous directions by worries and cares?
This excerpt is from: Distracted And Depressed? Help Is On The Way! (30 Aug 2020)
Get the full message:
Joseph Prince app - https://josephprince.app.link/hYO1mnlxt9
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Are you stressed out and anxious to the point of depression? Beloved, help is on the way! In this encouraging message, discover how God wants to deliver you from your fears, anxieties, and cares, and learn His ways to overcome dark thoughts and destructive distractions. Find key truths that will help you:
• Identify the root cause of spiralling negative thoughts and feelings.
• See how you can practically apply the truth of God’s grace in every difficult situation.
• Break free from the fear of the future when you let God guide you one day at a time.
• Go from fearful to hopeful when you look away from yourself and look to the One who is always providing for you.
Take heart, child of God, for He is your very present help in times of need!
Chapters:
0:00 How To Study God's Word
3:06 Recognize The Enemy's Tactic Of Distraction
6:33 Your Position Is To Receive God's Supply
8:31 When You're Distracted, You Start To Worry
9:27 Attack Your Problem One Day At A Time
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negative supply 在 Melissa Celestine Koh Youtube 的最佳貼文
Most people have a very negative perception of confinement meals. However, to be most honest, I really enjoyed the period of confinement and all the meals that I had during that time.
I engaged a confinement nanny for the first month postpartum, and a helper about 3 months later. So in between, James and I were on our own with baby Noah. To ensure that I was continuously nourished well and to keep my milk supply up, I decided to order meals that were delivered to my door step from Tian Wei Signature.
I enjoyed the superb convenience of having warm food with quality and superior ingredients served to me without having to cook. Plus, over the period of 28 days, Tian Wei offered great variety with minimal repeated dishes, so I didn't get bored of the dishes at all.
In fact, I was looking forward to some meals to be repeated -- like the papaya fish soup and lemon chicken.
I would definitely recommend this to all postpartum mom's. The first few months with your newborn baby are so precious. Allow someone else to take care of your meals and nourishment so you can focus on what's more important.
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negative supply 在 葉宇峻彈吉他 Youtube 的最佳貼文
編曲/示範 by 葉宇峻
Demo/Composement by paupauband
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Shopping for a British distortion pedal? Try NUX Brownie!
Classical British rock tones of 1970’s are packed into this little box.
How it works?
By using a hybrid of circuits, we create preamp and power tube distortion characteristics. You’ll be amazed to hear the warm and organic tone reproduced by it.
A special designed BJT input stage makes this distortion pedal breakup in a way when the preamp tube starts to distort. Also, Brownie has an asymmetrical clipping circuit with which you can simulate some of the characteristics of a tube amplifier. It can also keep the bottom tight by processing bass frequencies from getting muddy when they are distorted.
NUX Brownie uses a low-pass tone control filter to simulate the Variac effect (lower the voltage going into the amplifier) for rounding of your tone. The range of tone is controlled yet very useful in dialing the high end response.
The power clipping circuit is crafted from modern low noise op-amp and two red LED. It can create symmetrical clipping that distort both half of the signal and keep the sound smooth. True bypass circuits with a high quality TPDP mechanical foot switch makes the bypass signal clarity.
Specification
● Luminous knobs for checking on the dark stage
● Strong and lightweight aluminum die-cast chassis
● 9V center negative DC supply,90mA current draw
● Weight
174g/ 6 oz
● Dimensions
94(L)×51(w)×53(H)mm3.7(L)×2.0(W)×2.08(H)inches
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