樹洞為何不能發泡劑填洞?看看日本樹木醫劉東啟老師的團隊怎麼說。
發泡劑填充阻礙傷口癒合,而且會導致樹洞嚴重腐朽。
英國、美國和日本都有提出相同的警告。
【淺談樹木外科手術】借鏡歐美經驗
1.樹木外科手術是什麼?
1990年以前,歐美曾經大規模進行樹木外科手術。方法是清除樹木腐朽部位,填入防腐藥劑、水泥、瀝青或人造泡棉等填充物質,並在外層以塑膠軟墊覆蓋的一種企圖使樹木恢復健康的醫療行為。
2.樹木外科手術的禁止
經多年的實驗證實,樹木外科手術並無法阻止樹木持續腐朽潰爛,對於樹木恢復健康勢並不幫助。因此,在歐美國家的準則中,已經禁止使用外科手術的方式治療樹木 :
(1)「美國國家標準協會(ANSI)」制定的A300準則-2008年(註1)中規定,不得將傷口處理藥劑填充與覆蓋在傷口表面或是修剪傷口上;不得使用會損害到樹體組織的傷口處理藥劑;修整樹木傷口邊緣時,只能去除壞死或損傷的組織。
(2)「英國標準學會」制定的BS3998準則-2010年(註2)中規定,樹木的空洞、傷口,填充空洞並不能改善樹木力學上的支撐力,而且可能會抑制癒傷材料(窗框材)的形成。柱狀的癒傷木(窗框材)才能夠讓樹木的空洞開口邊緣具有力學的支持力。且不可割破木材組織,因為留下的傷口可能會破壞樹木對抗木材腐朽菌產生的「防禦層」。
(3)「最新‧樹木医の手引き,2006」第11章第2節(註3)提到「美國國家標準協會(ANSI)」A300準則在1995年外科手術會影響樹木傷口的癒合與破壞樹木對抗腐朽菌的防禦壁。「英國標準學會」制定的BS3998準則在1989年(註4)就不建議填充空洞。
p.s.有近代樹木醫學之父美譽的美國學者Alex Shigo博士在1985年提出了「腐朽區隔理論」(CODIT,Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees),說明樹木自身有防禦機制,當病原菌入侵時,樹體會形成變色材與防禦壁,來抵抗病菌繼續侵蝕與腐朽。
註1:美國國家標準協會(ANSI)制定的A300修剪準則
5.4 Wound treatment傷口處理
5.4.1 Wound treatments shall not be used to cover wounds or pruning cuts, except when necessary for disease, insect, mistletoe, or sprout control, or for cosmetic reasons.
5.4.2 Wound treatments that are damaging to tree tissues shall not be used.
5.4.3 When tracing wounds, only loose, damaged tissue shall be removed.
註2: 英國標準學會制定的BS3998準則-2010年
9 Management of decay – cavities and water pockets
9.1 General
Where a tree is found to be so physically weakened, by cavity formation or other decay, that it poses an unacceptable risk to people, property or its own integrity, appropriate action should be taken to reduce the risk to an acceptable level. The management options available in such circumstances include:
• moving or modifying the target;
• tree work such as pruning (see Clause 7) or providing artificial support (see Clause 10);
• in the event of all other options being impracticable or otherwise inappropriate, felling (see Clause 12).
Additionally, cavity treatments (see 9.2) may be undertaken in order to help reduce the rate of further decay if this objective is assessed as being feasible and of significant benefit for the structural integrity of the tree. Where there is a need to deter human access to a cavity, some form of artificial closure or filling may be installed (see 9.3).
NOTE Filling cavities is not generally considered to improve the structural integrity of the surrounding wood and indeed might inhibit the development of pillar-like rolls of occluding wood, which provide natural strength at the edge of a cavity opening. A filling can also reduce the habitat value of the tree and/or hamper future inspection.
註3:最新‧樹木医の手引き,2006
付記1 アメリカの産業規格における外科 附錄1手術美國行業標準
この分野のアメリカ産業規格ANSI A300-1995では、施肥、樹体の支持、移植、雷対策など様々な規格が定められているが、枝切断の章から傷の処理に関する記述を探すと以下の通りである。
5.2.6.1 傷の処理
病気や穿孔虫、ヤドリギ、萌芽抑制か修景上の理由という特例を除き、傷口保護材や樹木用の塗布剤で枝切断部を被覆してはならない。もし傷口保護材を修景上その他の理由で使用する時は形成層に無害な物質を用い、傷表面に薄く塗布すべきである。
5.2.6.2 樹皮の傷を修復する時は、傷ついたか緩んだ樹皮だけを取り除き、生きた組織の損乱を最小限にする。
5.2.6.3 空洞は、(傷や腐朽に対する)境界反応帯を撹乱する場合は充填や(外科的な)処理をすべきでない。
付記2 イギリスの同様な規格BS3998 附錄2類似標準BS3998英國
BS3998 (1989) の中では、ANSIより細かい点まで記載されているが、空洞の充填は推薦されていない。外観上特別に必要な場合だけに行い、再点検などが容易な材料を使うとしている。殺菌剤の使用条件などではアメリカと違う内容になっている。なお、全内容で欧州での規格共通化が進められているので、近い将来、記述内容に変更があると思われる。
註4: 英國標準學會制定的BS3998準則-1989年:http://211.167.243.154:1012/file/gwbz/BS%203998-1989.PDF
17.4 Intentional filling of cavities
Filling cavities is not recommended. An exception may be where the appearance of the tree is of major importance. Fillings should be flexible, non abrasive and easily removed, e.g. urethane foam, to allow future inspection of the cavity.
同時也有7部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過70萬的網紅てぬキッチン/Tenu Kitchen,也在其Youtube影片中提到,▷参考にさせていただいたディズニー公式動画さんです↓↓ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NI1FhdWtQuw 〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓 『材料2つから作れる!魔法のてぬきおやつ』 が発売になりました♪ 多くの方にお手にとっていただ...
「appearance inspection」的推薦目錄:
- 關於appearance inspection 在 森林城市-高雄愛樹人 Facebook 的最佳貼文
- 關於appearance inspection 在 てぬキッチン/Tenu Kitchen Youtube 的最讚貼文
- 關於appearance inspection 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的最佳解答
- 關於appearance inspection 在 National Palace Museum國立故宮博物院 Youtube 的最讚貼文
- 關於appearance inspection 在 6分鐘了解什麼是Visual Inspection AI - YouTube 的評價
- 關於appearance inspection 在 NDT 2 | Visual Inspection Method | #MPI - YouTube 的評價
appearance inspection 在 てぬキッチン/Tenu Kitchen Youtube 的最讚貼文
▷参考にさせていただいたディズニー公式動画さんです↓↓
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NI1FhdWtQuw
〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓
『材料2つから作れる!魔法のてぬきおやつ』
が発売になりました♪
多くの方にお手にとっていただいたおかげで、
3度目(4刷)の大増刷をしていただけることになり、累計5万部になりました。
本当に本当にありがとうございます。
全国の本屋さんやネット書店などで販売しておりますので、
ぜひお手にとっていただけると幸いです♪
引き続きAmazonでも販売しておりますので、URLを貼らせていただきます!
↓↓
https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/484709879X/
そして、『材料2つから作れる!魔法のてぬきおやつ』の電子版が発売になりました♪
電子版のURLも貼らせていただきます。ぜひチェックしていただけると嬉しいです♪
↓↓
https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B0859D2TYT/
おかげさまで『魔法のてぬきおやつ』重版記念フェアの第二弾の開催が決定致しました!
対象店舗で書籍をお買い上げの方に「マルチパック」をプレゼント。
3月12日(木)頃から順次開始いたします。
詳細はこちらをご覧ください!
↓↓
https://www.wani.co.jp/event.php?id=6618
〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓〓
▽〝ディズニー公式のチュロス〟の詳しいレシピはこちらのブログから♪
『てぬキッチンのブログ』⇒ https://www.tenukitchen.com/entry/2020/04/16/222008
▽twitterもやっているので、もし『てぬキッチン』のレシピをお試し頂いたら、#てぬキッチン をつけて投稿してもらえると嬉しいです♪
『てぬキッチンのtwitter』⇒ https://twitter.com/tenu_kitchen
【ディズニー公式のチュロス】
今日は、最近話題になっているディズニー公式がレシピを公開してくれている『チュロス』を作ってみました!
これがあればお家でディズニー気分を味わえるかなと思ったら、思った以上にディズニーでテンションとても上がりました!
公式のレシピで作ると分量が多いので、全部半量にして、中力粉はあまりスーパーで売っていないので強力粉と薄力粉を半量ずつまぜて代用できるのでそちらで作りました!
強力粉もお家にないって時のために薄力粉のみでも作ってみて、違いを検証してみました!
〜検証結果〜
▫️中力粉の代わりに強力粉と薄力粉、半量ずつで作るチュロス
第一印象、まさにディズニー!!外はカリカリで中はもっちりで食感がもうアレ!!もっちりしてるけれどふんわり感もあり!!シナモンの香りでとても美味しいです。
▫️中力粉の代わりに薄力粉のみで作るチュロス
見た目はほぼ変わらないですが、食感がサクサクと軽い!軽いけど中の生地が詰まっているイメージ!!ディズニー感は薄れるけれど、こちらもとても美味しいです。
ディズニーのチュロスが食べたいというときはレシピ通り(中力粉では試せていないのでごめんなさい。)がオススメですが、ぜひお好みでお試しください。
〈材料〉
水 120cc
バター 56g
塩 小さじ1/8
シナモンパウダー 小さじ1/8
中力粉78g
卵 1と1/2個
シナモンシュガー まぶす用
▽チャンネル登録はこちらから♪
⇒http://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1HZhN0HjriRUhqH7wGyRQg?sub_confirmation=1
【Disney churros】
Today, I made "Churros", which has recently been published by the official Disney official recipe!
I was wondering if I could have a Disney feeling at home if I had this, and the tension at Disney was much higher than I expected!
Since it is a large amount when making it with the official recipe, I made it all in half, and since medium strength flour is not sold at supermarkets so much, I can mix strong flour and soft flour in half quantity and substitute it so I made it there!
I tried to make only the soft flour just in case I didn't have strong flour in my house and verified the difference!
~inspection result~
▫️ Churros made from strong flour and soft flour instead of medium strength flour, half each
The first impression is exactly Disney! !! The outside is crispy and the inside is solid and the texture is already! !! It's chewy, but it's also soft! !! The scent of cinnamon is very delicious.
▫️ Churros made from soft flour instead of medium flour
The appearance is almost the same, but the texture is crispy and light! The image is light but the inside fabric is clogged! !! Although the Disney feeling has faded, this is also very delicious.
If you want to eat Disney churros, I recommend you to follow the recipe (I am sorry that I have not tried it with medium strength flour), but please try it as you like.
〈INGREDIENT〉
Water 120cc
Butter 56g
1/8 teaspoon salt
1/8 teaspoon cinnamon powder
Medium strength flour 78g
1&1/2 egg
Cinnamon sugar for dust
▽Subscribe to my channel♪
⇒http://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1HZhN0HjriRUhqH7wGyRQg?sub_confirmation=1
◎お仕事の依頼等はこちらまで→tenukitchen_tenukin@yahoo.co.jp
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効果音素材:ポケットサウンド – https://pocket-se.info/
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appearance inspection 在 一二三渡辺 Youtube 的最佳解答
HONDA VT250F とらいあんぐるハート 神咲 高町大佐
https://youtu.be/mUiM9MRx5iw
Honda Motor produces VT (buoy tea), and it is the series of the motorcycle which carried two V type cylinder engines which I sold.
The history and a background
In around 1980, two then Honda continued developing racer "NR" under the theme of overcoming two stroke vehicles by four stroke vehicles in a race. On the other hand, it solves a problem while two stroke marketing cars become the crisis of the extinction for environmental regulation in Yamaha and releases RZ250 in 1980.
It was the motorcycle 400cc はが height of prosperity, and, speaking of 250, an image called 400 cheap editions was strong, and there were much practical use cars that most makers used 400 and the common frame in those days. There is not car inspection, and the maintenance cost is cheap, and the highway run, and, by an appearance of RZ250 of Yamaha with performance of the 400cc regular, the motorcycle of the displacement volume of 250cc that hit the gap of the motorcycle displacement volume to be fast for need 10 minutes comes to attract its attention suddenly in that, and it is it with Sakigake of the record-breaking quarter boom. Taking advantage of this called "250cc practical use car" of then the hoop comes off, and an entry to the full-scale sports model of 250cc of the companies begins.
Because the fight of four strokes which two strokes and Honda which this Yamaha is good at are good at got wide to not only the race but also other commercial cars, Honda will develop four stroke cars which can beat RZ250. The vehicle which Honda spent in 1982 is VT250F in this way. It was it with the world-beater vehicle which VT250F became the popular car model in an instant, and made a profit of (except the derivation system) more than 140,000 series totals.
VT250F leaves the mainstream with the arrival of the replica boom and shifts afterwards to the twin sports routes such as VTZ250 which is derivation form and VT250 スパーダ which are the succession. However, it was liked from an engine characteristic and an obedient handling characteristic settled down like four strokes by a beginner in particular and a woman rider and reclaimed another constituency with Yamaha / RZ250.
A MC15E engine
I am wide, and the MC15E engine produced as VT250F use continues being used for the other car model from candy re-perception of the low rotary model to super sports of the high turn type depending on setting as well as the high durability by flexibility to be able to use, and the vehicle which was equipped with a MC15E engine now is released. I have a good reputation as "the engine which is not broken" from the riders of the motorcycle messenger. In addition, I did not go down, and the authorization of the then Ministry of Transport did a directly-controlled fief of a feudal lord, but there was the development vehicle which attached a turbo.
appearance inspection 在 National Palace Museum國立故宮博物院 Youtube 的最讚貼文
明人畫出警圖
絹本 設色畫
縱:92.1公分 橫:2601.3公分
明人畫入蹕圖
絹本 設色畫
縱:92.1公分 橫:3003.6公分
這支盛大的皇家謁陵隊伍,由北京城得勝門出發,直至皇帝謁陵的目的地,離京城四十五公里外的天壽山,這裡是明朝歷代皇帝的陵寢區。
「出警圖」與「入蹕圖」雖是各自分開的二幅長卷,但是所繪的卻同是掃墓、巡視的過程,因而通常被合稱為「出警入蹕圖」。
畫家將皇室謁陵的整個時空歷程出發→抵達→返回,濃縮於二幅長卷之中。傳統觀賞「出警圖」是由右往左;「入蹕圖」則由左往右。「出警圖」繪皇帝騎馬,由陸路出京,「入蹕圖」畫皇帝坐船,走水路還宮。這兩幅圖卷不但是國立故宮博物院所收藏手卷畫作中最長的兩幅(「出警圖」的橫長有26公尺,「入蹕圖」更是超過30公尺),人物眾多,場面宏偉,更是歷代繪畫作品中少見的超級鉅作。
這二幅作品,均未署名作者姓名。但可以確定的是,得出動許多宮廷畫師的合力創作,才能完成這二幅佈局精采生動的鉅作。
Anonymous, Ming dynasty
Departure Herald Imperial Procession Leaving the Palace
Handscroll, ink and color on silk, 92.1 x 2601.3 cm
Anonymous, Ming dynasty
Return Clearing Imperial Procession Returning to the Palace
Handscroll, ink and color on silk, 92.1 x 3003.6 cm
In this handscroll is a great imperial procession making its way to pay respects at the imperial tombs. Departing from the Te-sheng ("Victory") Gate of the Peking city wall, the artists here depicted shops along the way and the appearance of ceremonial guards to the final destination of the imperial tombs, the final resting place for Ming dynasty emperors 45 kilometers from the capital at Mt. T'ien-shou.
"Departure Herald" is actually accompanied by another long handscroll painting entitled "Return Clearing". That work depicts the process of the tomb sweeping and inspection tour. Usually considered as a pair, they are collectively known as "Departure Herald and Return Clearing".
Encapsulated into both scrolls, the artists depicted the entire event over time and space from the departure, arrival at the destination, and return to the capital. The traditional means of viewing "Departure Herald" is from right to left, whereas "Return Clearing" is from left to right. "Departure Herald" represents the emperor riding a horse, taking land route from the capital, while in "Return Clearing", he is shown riding on a boat, taking a water route back to the palace.
These two scrolls are not only the two longest handscrolls in the collection of the National Palace Museum ("Departure Herald" measuring 26 meters and "Return Clearing" more than 30 meters in length), they represent a rare, enormous effort in terms of the number of figures and majesty of the scenery seen among surviving works of Chinese painting.
Neither of these two works were signed or sealed by the artists who painted them. However, judging from the style, content, and great effort, it most likely took a cooperative effort of many court artists in order to complete these two great masterpieces of imperial Chinese painting.
appearance inspection 在 6分鐘了解什麼是Visual Inspection AI - YouTube 的推薦與評價
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