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突破盲點！未來90天【哪方面】有新嘗試

今天老師就要來做個測驗，看看在未來的90天內，你能取得怎樣突破性的發展？

題目：想像你進入到充滿蘋果樹的果園裡，而在你眼前的蘋果樹上，有著艷紅的蘋果以及吐著舌頭的蛇盯著你看，此時，你會怎麼做呢？記得分享給家人、好友們，看看彼此會不會有一樣的反應喔！🍎 🐍

A、摘下蘋果並抓住蛇
B、靜靜的看著蘋果與蛇
C、拼了命抓住蛇
D、只摘下蘋果就走人

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🏵答案A、摘下蘋果並抓住蛇
經商創業 積極進取 「創新指數100」
選擇這個答案，暗示你在未來的90天里，你可能會遇到一個絕佳的創業機會，面對這個機會的你，你會積極地抓住不會輕易讓它溜走。這得歸功於你平時就有在汲取相關知識，並且內化成你自己的獨到見解，甚至嗅出這其中的商機在哪。如今，遇到有貴人替你牽線引進資金以及人脈，你便能一舉實現你腦海中的創業藍圖與夢想。不過，也要提醒你遇到好機會固然得積極把握，同時也要衡量自身的能力以及資源，有效的運籌帷幄才能在創業的大海裡航向夢想。

🏵答案B、靜靜的看著蘋果與蛇
安於現狀 滿足生活「創新指數30」
選擇這個答案，表示你對於現在的生活感到滿意，也許是你擁有一份穩定的工作、足夠花用的薪水、安定的家庭生活，整體來說，你不須多花費心思來操煩人生，同時也樂得享受這份安逸的寧靜，你過得一時無虞。只是，過於安逸的日子過久了，你的思想與觀點缺乏外來的刺激，會變得固著僵化，可能會導致你在行事以及為人處世上失去變通的能力。建議你，可以多培養一些興趣或是一技之長，在新知識以及技能的刺激下，說不定，你就此擁有另一份傍身的賺錢技能，開展事業的另一番風景。

🏵答案C、拼了命抓住蛇
專業能力 大膽突破 「創新指數80」
選到這個答案，顯示著你本身就是個具有專業能力的人，這份專業為你帶來財富以及名聲。而在未來的90天內，你將有機會提升你整體的能力，像是考取更高等級的技能證書、上一門可與你現在能力搭配的課程、或是，直接學習ㄧ份新穎的技術，讓你能用嶄新的視角去結合你的能力，你因此而能開發以及觸及不同的客戶族群，也能接觸到更多的新知識。然而，人人對創新與勇於突破都樂見其成，不過，也需要洞察以及過濾向你湧來的大量資訊，才能取得真正對你有用的東西，避免淹沒的資訊的浪潮中。

🏵答案D、只摘下蘋果就走人
永保青春 美容創新 「創新指數60」
選到這個答案，透露著你是個勇於展現身體的人，無論是外在肌肉的展現、或是內在器官的保養、展現臉部魅力的妝容，你都有一套自己的方法，而這些見解你也樂於與人分享，因此擁有不少的忠實粉絲，訂閱你的社群網站。而在未來的90天里，你可能會在社群媒體上、或是聚會上獲得突破性的知識以及方法，你在親身體驗之後分享在社群媒體上，讓你獲得超高的點擊率以及新粉絲，人氣一時居高不下。不過，身體是自己的，你知道怎樣才是對待它最好的方式，可別因為一時好玩、衝高人氣而拿自己身體開玩笑，小心一旦造成傷害而後悔莫及。

【從經典名著看長篇小說的結構】
　
這次分享的文章，是中國作家孫犁談長篇小說創作的一些觀點。
　
他以中國經典的四大名著為例，提出寫長篇小說時，整體結構布局的重要性，相當精彩。
　
一起來看看這篇文章吧。
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從經典名著看長篇小說的結構 / 孫犁
　
一
　
創作長篇小說，感到最困難的，是結構問題。
　
結構一詞，雖通用於建築，但小說的結構，並非紙上的藍圖。佈局，也不是死板的棋式。它是行進中的東西，是鬥爭中的產物。小說的結構是上層建築，它的基礎是作品所反映的現實生活，人物的典型性格。在典型環境和典型人物的矛盾、鬥爭、演進中，出現小說的結構。因此，長篇小說的結構並非出現於作者的憑空幻想之中，而是現實生活在作者頭腦中的反映，是經過作者思考後，所採取的表現現實生活的組織手段。建築工程，可先有藍圖，然後再去備料。作品則不然，要根據作者所具有的生活積累，才能有效地設計。而且它不是一成不變的，作品完成後，結構狀態才告終止。俗話說：長袖善舞，多財善賈，生活之於創作是多多益善。生活積累綽綽有餘，而不是捉襟見肘，才能出現理想的小說結構。創作，是有多大本錢做多大生意，不能白手起家，更不能一本萬利。
　
二
　
《三國演義》《水滸傳》《西遊記》和《紅樓夢》，在中國長篇小說中最為著稱。我們現在就這四種小說的結構方面，進行初步的粗淺探討，作為寫作長篇小說的學習準備。前三種長篇小說，都是在前人的創作（或口頭、或文字）基礎上，進行再創作的。
　
《三國演義》根據陳壽的《三國志》和裴松之的註。陳志在中國史書中，除史、漢外，最稱得體。而裴註之詳盡豐富，保存了很多古書資料，生動而具體，雋辭逸事，隨手可得，在史註中最有價值。這對《三國演義》的創作提供了極大的方便。此外，它還利用了以前的話本和戲曲方面有關三國的資料。這些資料裡的英雄人物，已經過無數次演唱說講，典型性格初步具備。《水滸傳》根據它以前在社會上廣泛流傳的水滸故事，這些故事，經過口頭講演，日見完整。《西遊記》是根據一些高僧西域旅行的記載、佛教故事和以此為內容的粗具規模的小說。
　
四種長篇小說都是宏偉的著作，經過長時間廣泛的流傳，差不多家喻戶曉、婦孺皆知，是中國人民傳統的精神食糧。它們是深入人心的書，不只在思想意識方面，有的並在實際生活上，給予人民以不可估量的影響。
　
單從結構上可以看出，這四種小說都不是平凡之作，都是大手筆的產物，有獨特的見解和藝術修養，有豐富的知識和組織能力。都是苦心經營，各有時代、藝術特色。小說的結構，也可以叫做佈局。它大致可以分為三部分，即總綱、分目和結局。古人創作小說，是很重視結構的。結構的形成是以主題思想為指導的。
　
《三國演義》以史實為根據，在寫作中，它確定以蜀漢為正統，但並不削弱對魏、吳的刻畫，它以桃園結義開始，經過對各個重要人物的敘述描繪，突出三國之間的主要矛盾鬥爭。三國時人才眾多、群英崛起，謀士如雲，政治文化多有可采，至如華佗之醫、管輅之卜，也很生動有趣，它不遺漏一個重要人物，不遺漏一件重大事件，精心組織、波瀾起伏。最後得出「合久必分、分久必合」的合乎歷史規律的推論，作為全部小說的結局。
　
《水滸傳》前幾十回，實際上是各個梁山人物的小傳，它接連寫了晁蓋、吳用、阮氏兄弟、楊志、宋江、林沖、武松、石秀、盧俊義的出身、遭遇，生活和性格。每個人的故事都可以成為一個完整的中篇或短篇。因為當時的水滸故事，是以人為單位的。施耐庵統籌全書，他以誤放妖魔作為楔子，以智取生辰綱展開故事，突出一個「逼」字，以這些人物齊集梁山為一結局。這樣的結構，在藝術上說是完整的。
　
《西遊記》的結構比較單純，它接連寫那八十一難，難難不同，有趣的故事層出不窮，充滿幻想和幽默，具備藝術特色。以取經回來師徒都成正果為結局。
　
以上只是就其總綱和結局來談，其中的佈局穿插，輕重、取捨，各個作家的匠心運轉之處，只有進一步研究才可以窺探它的結構藝術的奧秘。
　
三
　
藝術的發展，有它自己的規律。多麼偉大的藝術成就，也是在前人的勞作和具體的歷史條件下產生的，即使像如此輝煌的藝術精品——《紅樓夢》也不能例外。在結構上，《紅樓夢》是平地起樓臺，並非再創作，但如果沒有歷史上前幾種長篇小說，特別是《金瓶梅》一書的出現，《紅樓夢》是很難產生的。按照《紅樓夢》開端所寫，一會兒叫「風月寶鑒」；一會兒叫「金陵十二釵」，又叫「情僧錄」，又叫「石頭記」。可以斷言，這部小說，是長期經營，屢經易稿，在故事結構上，是發生過多次重大變化的。我甚至猜想，雖然《紅樓夢》是曹雪芹的一人創作，但他身邊一定有一兩個，甚至三四個志同道合的朋友，具備高超的藝術見解，每章每段地和他討論，出點子、提意見，改善補充。因為我實在驚嘆，像《紅樓夢》這樣宏偉的藝術結構，實非一個人的才力所能達到。
　
當然，我們也不能因此就說，《紅樓夢》是集體創作或是開會產生的小說。
　
以下就談談《紅樓夢》的結構。《紅樓夢》第一回有言：「後因曹雪芹於悼紅軒中，披閱十載，增刪五次，纂成目錄，分出章回。」就字面看，這都和結構問題有關。作者為了使這部小說不落俗套，在結構上，苦思冥想、慘澹經營是不可否認的事實。這部小說在綱領提起時就不同凡響，完全是獨創。在進入正文之前，作者把綱放得很長很長。第一回，從甄士隱寫起，然後提到了賈雨村，但主要的是點明小說要宣揚的思想，即「好了」思想。第二回，寫賈夫人仙逝揚州，是為了小說最重要人物之一的林黛玉即將出場。然而又不叫她即刻露面，卻寫冷子興演說榮國府，使讀者得知本書所寫家族和環境的概況，使主角出場時有典型環境的依據，讀者有充分的精神準備。按照習慣，總綱應該放在第一回，作者卻點了一下又放下，接著環境敘述之後，就使一些主要人物上場。這便是第三回，林黛玉初到賈府，賈府的一些頭面人物紛紛登場與林姑娘相見，實際是使他們與讀者相見。這一回，進一步詳寫賈府的勢派。
　
兩個主要人物見面了，如是俗手，一定就迫不及待地去寫賈寶玉和林黛玉的一見鍾情、情意纏綿、糾纏不已。作者卻寫了出乎意外的寶玉摔玉，黛玉傷心這樣的事件，突出兩個主角的性格特點，反而使兩人生疏起來。接著就去寫別人家的事，即第四回：「薄命女偏逢薄命郎」。直到第五回，作者才正式「曲演紅樓夢」，別開生面地表明本書十二個主要人物的一生命運。《紅樓夢》一曲，以「開闢鴻蒙」四字開頭，是作者思想感情的傾注一擲，有天崩地裂的感染力量。是長江大河的奔騰，高山瀑布的狂瀉。讀者一下子陷入作者所宣揚的哲學思想境界裡去。這支曲子，隨著故事的展開，一直在讀者耳邊響著，一直伴奏到第八十回。
　
這真是千古絕調，第一聲春雷振聾發聵，在任何藝術作品中也沒有遇到過。
　
四
　
寫小說應該是因人設事（情節），反過來，又可以見景生情（新的情節），這樣循環往復，就成佈局、就成結構。
　
《紅樓夢》寫了一些大排場，比如秦可卿之死，這是為了表現王熙鳳的才幹而設；寫了元春歸省，則借此機會表現很多人物的身分、地位、性格。這些大排場，我們也可以叫它中心事件。《紅樓夢》裡這些大事件都不孤立，前因後果都很清楚，而且潛伏很長，波及很遠。比如元春歸省，這不只是繁華場面，它牽動著全書的佈局。最明顯的是歸省修造了大觀園，使姐妹們都住進去，作為故事的中心場地。它又包括著許多小情節，比如：歸省買來了小戲子，這就是芳官等人的出處，歸省要用尼姑，這就是妙玉的出處。而這些人在書中，並非十分次要的人物。在這裡，大的情節又起綱的作用，它牽動著很多小的情節。
　
曹雪芹在處理大情節時，總是像觀覽大江大河一樣，先找它的發源，細察它的匯流，看好它的來龍去脈。比如第三十三回「不肖種種大承笞撻」，先是用「把他耳上帶的墜子一撥」這樣一個小動作，極其生動地寫寶玉和金釧之調情。然後，出乎意外的王夫人一巴掌，已經使事件嚴重，但作者暫把這個危機放下，接著寫「畫薔」，寫「撕扇子」，寫「麒麟」，寫「訴肺腑」，這就是寫賈寶玉自己仍在隨波逐流地浮在愛情的無邊孽海之上；而林、薛、史、花等人，卻以他為中原之鹿，正在進行殊死的情場大角逐。直到寶玉迷離恍惚、六神無主，才寫「老爺叫他」，接著又是忠順王府來要人，又是賈環告狀，這才是「不肖種種」，步步緊逼、氣上加氣，使得「大承笞撻」有聲有色。打過了，接著又是賈母訓子，林黛玉抹眼淚，這樣情節相連，還容易揣想。而因此引起寶黛交諷，甚至薛蟠耍無賴，玉釧調羹這一系列的小情節，都寫得這樣合情合理、自然生動，就非曹雪芹不辦了。
　
他寫一個中心事件，總是像在平靜的湖面上投一大石，不只附近的水面動盪，搖動荷花，驚動遊魚，也使過往的小艇顛簸，潛藏的水鳥驚起，浪環相逐，一直波及四岸；投石的地方已經平息，而它的四周仍動盪拍擊不已。
　
這就叫做精心結構。
　
五
　
書沒有寫完，作者就「淚盡而逝」，只留下八十回，並有人說都是草稿。這就給研究它的結構造成極大的缺陷和困難。
　
按總綱推斷，上半部寫的是「極風月繁華之盛」，即那個「好」字；下半部當然要寫到那個「了」字，即散了的筵席，倒樹的猢猻，乾淨了的茫茫大地。但這種變化，應該是漸進的，絕不會是突變。這樣《紅樓夢》究竟要寫到多少回，就成了永久不能回答的疑難。俞平伯說，可能要寫一百一十回左右，因為五十四回是個轉折。這也是推斷之詞，究竟要寫多少回，即使曹雪芹，當時也很難預先估得那麼死。據魯迅說，八十回也不過剛剛露出些悲音來。
　
高鶚續書，一開頭的回目，「占旺相四美釣遊魚，奉嚴詞兩番入家塾」，就給人不倫不類的感覺。高的續文對原著來說，是天上地下。但我們也應該退一步想：曹雪芹死後，企圖續貂者，不下百種，皆成狗尾。不管怎樣，高鶚還是忠於曹氏的原來計畫，極力追蹤原來旨意，求其吻合。雖然寫得死板僵硬，大致還是按照悲劇的路子走下來了，最後重露一些起色，這也並不完全違背曹氏的「好了」思想，因為事物仍要向相反的方向發展。有這樣四十回續書，使愛讀完整故事的人，能得到比較圓滿的享受，這就是高鶚的功績。如果他也給你來個大團圓，豈不更糟。高鶚雖然「閑且憊矣」，然而他是一個熱中的人，並不是過來的人。他和曹雪芹的生活經歷、思想見解距離很大，能做到這樣已經很不錯，所以他的書能夠長期附在驥尾上。《三國演義》寫的是三國紛爭、天下雲擾，歷史上少有的動亂時代；《水滸傳》寫的是五湖四海，各種職業身分的人；《西遊記》寫的是西天佛地，近於海外奇談。它們的佈局方面幅員廣闊，可以馳騁，都有方便之處。而《紅樓夢》所寫的只是甯榮二府，實際上是一個家庭，雖也寫到一些親戚，如林如海、王子騰，都很簡略。寫薛家較詳，實際上等於住在一起，分院別居。寫到一些外界景況，如宮廷寺廟，襲人家和晴雯家，也都是小枝小節。它寫的是一個家庭內部的矛盾鬥爭，寫的是一個家庭的盛衰興敗史。這一家庭從何處興起，又從何處敗亡？這就和在那麼一片不大的地方，修建一個大觀園一樣，在結構上，極費經營，極費周折。在十七回，賈寶玉談大觀園的設計修建時，發表的一段議論，可以作為曹雪芹對藝術處理，小說結構的總見解。即：任何藝術都要基於「天然」，「天然者，天之自然而有，非人力之所成」，不能「人力穿鑿，扭捏而成」。因為，「非其地而強為地，非其山而強為山，雖百般精而終不相宜」。我們知道：小說的結構來自故事情節，而故事情節來自人物的思想行動，這都是來源於現實生活，符合生活的發展規律，才能形成的。
　
我們無妨再作一些註解：曹雪芹所說的天然，就是現實生活裡所有的、所存在的，不是由作者無中生有、胡編亂講的。胡編亂講，便是「穿鑿扭捏」。生活裡一點兒影子也沒有的東西，你硬要把它說成是現實，大加編排，那是說謊，是欺騙讀者，是造謠惑眾。
　
六
　
寫長篇小說開頭容易，就像走前幾步棋一樣，頭頭是道，中間佈局已經不易，最後結尾最難。《三國演義》最後以晉朝統一中國作結束，當然很完滿，這是借助于歷史，作者的苦心還很難見到。《西遊記》以取經回來，師徒都成正果結束，這也是故事的必然，事前可以容易安排的。《水滸傳》，以七十回而論，蓼兒窪一夢，已近玄虛，只是等於把更長的《水滸傳》，比較適當地剪裁一下，並非在結尾處做了多大功夫。《紅樓夢》的結尾，因為雪芹已埋地下，世上更無能人，小說影響，雖然如此之深遠，它的結尾，只能無可奈何，將永久沒有下場了。
　
寫作長篇最容易遇到的問題是：中間枝蔓太多，前後銜接不緊，寫到後來像漫步田野，沒有歸宿；或作重點結束，則很多人物下落不明；或強作高潮，許多小流難以收攏；或因生活不足，越寫越給人以空洞散漫之感；或才思虛弱，結尾已成強弩之末，力不從心。甚至結尾平淡，無從回味；或見識卑下，流於庸俗。
　
至於中間佈局，並無成法。參照各家，略如繪畫。當濃淡相間，疏密有致。一張一弛，哀樂調劑。人事景物，適當穿插。不故作強音，不虛張聲勢。不作海外奇談，不架空中閣樓。故事發展以自然為準則，人物形成，以現實為根據。放眼遠大，而不忽視細節之精密；注意大者，而不對小者掉以輕心。腳踏在地上，穩步前進、步步為營，寫幾章就回頭看看，然後找准方位、繼上征途，寫完之後再加調整。如此做去，或可稍有補救于萬一。

「地獄空」攝影集即將在八月中元節前出版，由知名設計師與攝影家黃子欽設計，內附在下二位高徒精美繪製符咒、心經版畫書籤、愣嚴咒牌、尊勝咒語...等，感恩十方大德助印，希望疫情退散，平安喜樂，後記如下：

野放台灣五十餘年，貪狼獨坐，三方四正殺破狼格局，少年多舛，白手起家，隨展覽雲遊四海，如閒雲野鶴常持各類底片機流連廢墟、山川、宮廟忘返，遂設幻影堂自詡堂主，一日三省「凡所有相皆是虛妄」，常宅於暗房沖片放大通宵、鍾情黑白世界之單純，彩色照片俗世繽紛花俏做作甜美甚至比現實更現實故少拍也。知天命之年有餘，了悟人生一瞬、眨眼即逝，雖非仙人，亦無道骨，初聞離垢地生清淨心，但離華嚴「不動地」尚遠，待修持也。
2017年盛暑拍畢《巨神連線》，心律不整差點心肌梗塞向閻羅王報到，意識死神隨伺在側，人生苦短，如何了生脫死、盡斷煩惱、無所罣礙、遠離顛倒……總不得解，蒙釋迦摩尼佛開示飆淚三晝夜，聞佛法數載始知自我渺如塵埃，甚感慚愧。閒暇乃參訪名寺古剎，禮敬焚香佛陀菩薩羅漢諸神天仙王爺媽娘，台灣宮廟千奇百怪、宗派錯綜複雜（佛教、道教、一貫道、天主教、基督教、齋教、回教＆大同教、儒教鑾堂、天帝教＆天德教、慈惠堂＆勝安宮、軒轅教、道院、理教、萬國道德會、會靈山……）、神棍橫行（依人不依法、偶像崇拜、斂財、邪淫），因歷史變遷、社會動盪、政治鬥爭、意識形態等因素導致佛道混雜，但地獄造景稀少，後專注拍攝各殿閻王、判官、陰司、獄卒、七爺、八爺乃至一切罪人，各寺造景巧妙、耐人尋味，意境乖張溢於言表，造型扭曲非常人所能塑也，然匠心獨運、自成一格，專研西方藝術數十載方知真誠樸拙最美，絲毫不輸喬托（Giotto di Bondone，1267～1337）乃至米開朗基羅（Michelangelo Di lodovico Buonarroti Simoni 1475 ~ 1564）矣。

創立於1986年的石門金剛宮風景優美可眺望北濱，雖主祀四面佛，儒釋道眾神尊也不含糊，可過七星橋解厄、繞行五百黝黑羅漢敲鑼印心、跪拜亞洲最大臥佛涅槃像，安太歲自不在話下，甲子太歲爺雙眼長出手掌印象甚深，1994年經閻羅王指示廟公建造一條肚內設極樂世界及陰曹地府之神龍，行走暗黑通道觸動感應機關，只見面容猙獰受刑者呼天搶地喊冤、身邊盡是血肉糢糊殘肢敗屍腦漿塗地，十殿閻羅各司其職、威儀攝人。新北市林口區青嶺湖北文紫祥宮包公廟則以壁面彩塑地獄浮雕獨步全台，粉嫩色彩搭配卡漫風格，尤為造型簡直恐怖到可愛透頂，該廟主祀森羅殿閻羅天子包拯（包青天），陽世冤屈者可至此參拜祭解，求破懸案者眾，逢中元普渡皆以紙紮船渡亡魂至彼岸，全台唯一閻羅天子巨像籌備中，四周環繞墓地，適合修不淨觀也。台灣首尊彰化八卦山大佛旁南天宮（1971）地府則是首座電動地府，規模精小但驚嚇度破表，略顯破敗但五光十色仍蠻凶悍，出自已故台南大道長金登富之作，而電動神明起始可追溯至1960年代北港朝天宮。倒是嘉義水上鄉白人牙膏觀光工廠「戴相府」、「將軍府」設置十殿地府出乎意料之外，乾淨亮麗、ㄧ殿ㄧ間、簡單樸實。由高雄蓮潭龍虎塔龍口入內可見全臺唯一交趾陶地獄牆面，尊尊栩栩如生，續入龍身乃進聞聲救苦白衣觀音大士三十三化身浮雕隧道，造型設色甚為古錐。高雄大岡山超峰寺入口處「西方三聖蓮池海會」（阿彌陀佛、觀世音菩薩、大勢至菩薩巨像）旁設靜態十殿閻羅（1970年代初），雖略為陳舊然韻味猶存，續往上行可抵「證菩提道－釋迦如來應化事迹」雕塑園區，一攬世尊畢生精華。如來年邁時，琉璃國王為報長期被釋迦族輕蔑之傲慢心，世尊雖三次單獨伽跌坐 阻擋大軍進攻之路，但因緣果報無法逆轉，昔日婢女所生王子瞋恨無以復加，還是滅了祖國。自持神通第一目犍連不忍無辜百姓慘遭屠殺，遂以缽盛救度五百族人，最終卻化為血水，佛言神通廣大仍不敵千百劫業力，因緣果報屢試不爽。其母死後墜入餓鬼道飢餓難耐，目犍連遂展神通救渡，但所食尚未入口皆化為赤火，佛陀囑咐農曆七月十五日僧眾解安居自恣日，於盆中設甘露美食供養十方僧眾，因此超度亡母。後世「盂蘭盆法會」乃至「水懺法會」、「瑜珈焰口法會 」皆為消業障、斷塵垢之超渡儀軌，既渡亡魂也自懺悔。

台南麻豆代天府規模宏大、造型豔麗，不但可遊十八層地獄尚可逛天堂（1979年興建，1983年開放)，燈光絢爛、聲響駭人，獨自漫步宛如觀落陰、地獄走一回。先過「心頭山」、入「清心池」、進「陰陽界」、抵「交簿廳」、達「鬼門關」、遊「補經所」、探「枉死城」、行「奈何橋」，至ㄧ殿泰廣王照「孽鏡台」現造惡原形，睹抱柱、火床等小地獄。二殿楚江王開「陰查簿 」判案定奪，觀糞尿泥、餓鬼、舞池、寒冰、膿血、鞭韃、舌犁、劍葉、戟腹拋接、砧截……等小地獄。三殿宋帝王刑罰為倒吊、銅鐵刮臉、挖眼、搗樁、倒烤、吸血、穿肋、抽筋、蛆蛀等小地獄……兼遊「四生（胎、卵、濕、化）回魂府」。四殿五官王掌管腰斬、拔舌、沸湯、刺嘴、剝皮、箭樹、車崩、射眼……等十六小地獄。隨五殿森羅王豋「望鄉臺」回眸親人最終眼後觀擊膝、誅心、刀山、飛刀火石……小地獄。六殿卞城王別稱「大叫喚大地獄」，轄火牛、虎啖、噬腎、鉗嘴含鍼、釘喉、磨摧、砍頭……等小地獄。七殿泰山王為「熱惱大地獄」，窺烙手指、抽腸、頂石蹲身、油釜滾烹、割舌穿腮……等十六小地獄。八殿都市王掌管「大熱惱大地獄」兼火狗、鐵汁、鐵蛇、鋸劈斷肢、釘板、灸脊、鐵丸、磅秤……等小地獄。九殿平等王直轄十八層「阿鼻大地獄」，直透地心、內中陰森、不見五指、滿溢地漿，皆為極犯，另轄紫赤毒蛇鑽孔、夾頂、鐵鴉、針雨、蜂蠍……等小地獄。至十殿輪轉王上「觀生臺」、「轉劫所八司」（查驗司 、稽善司 、考過司 、恩怨司 、壽命司 、支配司、掌劫司 、授生司）後至「孟婆亭」飲「醧忘湯」忘盡前塵往事，依前世功德過金、銀、玉、石、木、竹六種橋樑至「轉輪臺（紫河車）」入六道輪迴轉生投胎。據《十八泥犁經》記載，人過世後七七四十九天為「中陰生」，經閻羅王審判善惡業力判定去留或懲罰百千萬劫，犯五逆重罪則墮入「無間地獄（阿鼻地獄）」永劫不復。地藏王乃幽冥教主，統轄十殿閻羅，逢三曹普渡便在各殿設「講道所」超度尚存善根之鬼魂。

人類居於五趣（阿修羅、人、傍生、餓鬼、地獄）雜居地五濁惡世之堪忍世界，犯十惡業（殺生、偷盜、邪淫、妄語、兩舌、惡口、綺語、貪慾、嗔恚、愚痴）者必墮三趣惡道。如何出「三界」（欲界、色界、無色界）二十八天？凡人無此意識，別說能破「十二因緣」（無明、行、識、名色、六入、觸、受、愛、取、有、生、老死）還滅門，更別想斷除「四聖諦」（苦、集、滅、道）集地八十一品見惑與八十八使思惑（五利使-身見、邊見、邪見、見取見、戒禁取見、五鈍使-貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑），了悟「五蘊」（色、受、想、行、識）本空、「十二入」（眼、耳、鼻、舌、意、色、聲、香、味、觸、法）空、「十八界」空，破俱生我執與分別我執、法執甚至空執，生十一處「善心所」（信、精進、慚、愧、無貪、無瞋、無痴、輕安、不放逸、行捨、不害），降二十六處「惡心所」（貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑、惡見、忿、恨、覆、惱、嫉、慳、誑、諂、害、憍、無慚、無愧、掉舉、惛沉、不信、懈怠、放逸、失念、散亂、不正知），須知善根斷盡則陷永劫輪迴、無垠轉世之苦。

地獄可能空滅嗎？若地獄空乏人間多鬼怪，地獄淨空世間何嘗非淨土？若能證空性何處現地獄？

地獄曠古來便廣泛流傳各部族間，老死生滅為自然運行之基礎、宇宙意識之核心，然今文明昌盛如咱城邦並非慾望消弭之所，惡性所及實無可根除，礙於憲法國家法律社會軍隊企業公司學校家庭團體之層層束縛不亞於十八層，乃遁於壓抑、束己情懷，暗埋心底、日久貪嗔痴慢疑怨噌會疊穢。而六塵未熄，心多妄念，妖魔鬼怪魑魅魍魎孤魂閃靈出沒於荒郊乃至人間，會靈於曠野密林以增性靈乃出世高人修煉之舉，我等凡人擅闖宛如迪士尼般之人造地獄，三魂七魄尚不足以出竅，驚邪恐怖淒厲猙獰倒滿足了自以為是的慚愧，豈不謬哉？

病毒肆虐年半有餘，全球確診者逼近一億八千萬，枉死者近四百萬，堪比戰爭規模，望眾生發慈悲心、令往生者安息、善待其他物種、平等有情眾生。地獄本空，唯妄念生起一切羨慕嫉妒恨而地獄現前。盡以此書作為世界新冷戰獨裁者、超限戰者、暗網駭客、陰險狡猾冷嘲熱諷落井下石者之良知備忘錄矣。

姚瑞中寫於2021年端午節

Postscript

I have been living recklessly in Taiwan for more than fifty years. According to Zi Wei Dou Shu (Purple Star Astrology), Tan Lang is the sole star in my house of Self. This star, which represents xxx, forms an equilateral triangle with that star Qi Sha and Po Jun on the square chart and constitutes a Sha Po Lang pattern. The pattern indicates a kind of turbulence and change, a life of wandering with ups and downs and it tells a lot about my life. After my ill-fated youth, I started from scratch and traveled around the world with exhibitions that I participated. Like a flaneur, I wandered around ruins, nature, and temples with every type of film camera obliviously. Thus, I founded the Hall of Illusion and claimed to be the master of the hall. Several times a day, I pondered a quote from the Diamond Sutra, “Everything with form is unreal.” In addition, I usually stayed in the darkroom developing film and enlarging those negatives overnight. However, I treasured the simplicity of the black and white world. The earthly, gaudy, garish, phony and pleasing qualities within colored photos make the images even more realistic than the real world. It is not my cup of tea, so I seldom took colored photos. In Confucian thought, the age of fifty marks the stage knowing the mandate of Heaven. I am now at my fifties and realize how ephemeral human life is. However, I am not an immortal, nor having sagelike characteristics. I just learned that the stage of stainless (the second bhūmi) and develop a pure mind that is free from doubt and defilement. However, I’m still far from the immovable state and need to practice.

In the summer of 2017, after filming the work Incarnation, I experienced a severe heart rhythm problem which almost triggered myocardial infarction and could have killed me. Consequently, I realized that death was waiting for me and the life is too short to figure out how I can liberate myself from the cycle of Birth and Death. I couldn’t comprehend how to be free from all afflictions and worries and how to avoid delusive ideas. I wept for three days and nights after being enlightened by Shakyamuni Buddha. Up to the moment, I felt ashamed that I failed to realize that the self is as insignificant as dust after these years learning and practicing Buddhism. Since then, I have visited famous temples and monasteries in my spare time, worshiping Buddha, Bodhisattvas, arhats, and all the deities and immortals. Taiwan’s temples are myriad with a enormous number of sects, including Buddhism, Taoism, Yiguandao, Catholicism, Christianity, Chinese religions of fasting, Islam& Baháʼí Faith, Confucianism, Tiandiism& Tian-De Teachings, Xiwangmu cult, Yellow Emperor Sect, Precosmic Salvationism, Liism, World Wide Ethical Society, séance cult, etc. Some people even claim that they can mediate communication between the deities or spirits of the dead with human beings, having their believer rely on themselves instead of the orthodox dharma or dogma and pay excessive respect and admiration for the mediums or objects, accumulating wealth through such an unfair means or even harassing their believer sexually. Due to Taiwan’s historical changes, social turbulence, political struggles, and ideological issues, Buddhism and Taoism are somehow mixed. However, there are few emphases on the concept of the hell. As I took photographs of Yama of each court, judges, wardens of the underworld, jailers, General Fan and Hsieh (the ghost escorts) and all sinners, I found few temples cleverly created hellish scenes that are intriguing, exaggerating, and extraordinary. However, the creations are unparalleled unique. I have been studying Western arts for decades and then I came to realize that simplicity makes the most beautiful works of art. These hellish scenes can even compete with works of Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337) and Michelangelo Di lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564).

Jingang Temple Shimen District, founded in 1986, overlooks the beautiful North shore. Although the temple is mainly dedicated to Phra Phrom (the Thai representation of Mahabrahma), spirits of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism can also be founded in the temple. The worshipper can go cross the Seven Star bridge to relieve bad luck, walk along the five hundred arhat statues and knock on the gong to affirm one’s Buddha nature. Furthermore, the worshipper can also prostrate themself before Asia’s largest statue of Buddha in Nirvana (the Reclining Buddha statue) and pacify the Taoist Tai Sui deity of the year. I was impressed by the Jia-Zi Tai Sui General that a pair of palms grow out of his eyes. In 1994, the biō-kong (the person taking charge of the temporal affairs of a temple) received a divine inspiration from Yama (the King of Hell) that he had to build a sacred hall in the shape of a divine dragon, with the interior designed according to the World of Ultimate Bliss and the Underworld. When the visitor walks in the dark hallway, they will see the tortured people (dioramas, of course) scrunching their faces and crying bitterly and loudly in excessive grief as the visitor triggers the mechanism. One will even find them in the midst of flesh, body liquid and blood, mutilated limbs, and rotten corpses. While each of the ten Yamas are focusing on their own duties, showing their sacred dignity that collect visitors’ attention. The Baogong Temple in Linkou District, New Taipei City exclusively features colorful depiction of hellish scenes in relief in Taiwan. With its pastel shades and cartoon-like style, the relief is both grotesque and adorable at the same time. This temple is dedicated to Bao Zhen (also known as Justice Bao) representing the incarnation of Yama. Living people who have been treated unjustly can come worshipping Bao Gong and receive exorcism. Therefore, many people come here for seeking to solve unsolved cases. In Zhongyuan Festival (the ghost festival), the temple will burn the Zhizha (paper craft) boat to ferry the ghosts to the other shore, which is the shore of enlightenment. The only giant statue of Yama in Taiwan is still in the making. The temple is surrounded by a cemetery, suitable for meditating on the loathsomeness and impurity. Nantian Temple (1971), located next to the Eight Trigram Mountains Buddha in Changhua, features the first animatronic underworld. Despite the small size, the animatronic underworld is intensely shocking. Though it’s slightly worn, the colorful dioramas are still brutally ferocious. The creator was the late venerable Dao Zhang (Taoist priest) Jing Deng-fu while the origin of animatronic deities can be traced back to the 1960s Beigang Chaotian Temple. On the contrary, the Whiteman Toothpaste Tourism Factory in Shuishang Township, Chiayi, features ten Yamas with individual booth. The place is unexpectedly clean and polished yet keeps a simple and modest tone. Then, the Dragon Pagoda of the Dragon and Tiger Pagodas at Lotus Lake in Zuoying, Kaohsiung, holds the only relief of hellish scenes made of Kochin ceramic. All the figures are vivid and life-like. If one goes further into the pagoda, they will see a relief tunnel of the thirty-three incarnations of the white-robed form of Guanyin (Avalokiteśvara) on a white lotus, with a lovely and interesting design. Another Hall of Yama is built in the 1970s next to the entrance of Dagangshan Chaofeng Temple, located in the Alian District of Kaohsiung. Visitors will also see three statues of the Three Holy Ones of the Western Pureland (Amitābha, Avalokiteśvara, Mahāsthāmaprāpta) which assemble at a lotus pond. Although the hellish scene looks somewhat antiquated, you may still find its previous charm. If one goes further, they will reach the sculptural garden of “Attaining the Bodhi Way: the Incarnation of Sakyamuni Buddha,” where the visitor can see the essence of Bhagavato’s (meaning the Blessed one, one of the common epithets for Buddha) life. When Tathāgata (another epithet for Buddha) was old, the king of Kosala wanted to avenge the arrogance of the tribe of Shakyas who had long despised him, regarding him as a son of a maiden. Although Buddha has sat in lotus position alone three times to stop the army from attacking his tribe. However, one can never reverse the cause and following karma. The prince born of a maiden was so furious that he eventually destroyed his homeland. Maudgalyāyana (one of the Buddha’s closest disciples), who is said to have had supernatural abilities that surpassed the other disciples, could not bear to see the slaughter of innocent people. Thus, he saved five hundred people of his tribe with a pātra (an eating utensil of Buddhist monks). Unfortunately, everything he did was in vain, those who were saved eventually turned into a puddle of blood. The Buddha said that the supernatural abilities cannot surpass the power of karma. The cause and effect work all the time. When Maudgalyāyana’s mother fell into the path of hungry ghost, he used his supernatural abilities to save his mother from hunger. However, all the food turned into fire before being fed to his mother. Later, the Buddha commanded the monks to put nectar and dishes in a basin on the 15th day of the seventh month in the lunar calendar for the monks from all directions to free his mother from reincarnation. In later times, the Ullambana Dharma Service, the Compassionate Samadhi Water Repentance, and the Yoga Collection for Feeding the Searing Mouths Dharma Service are rituals to eliminate karmic hindrance and to cease to worldly delusions. Through such practices, one can free the dead as well as confess their repentance.

Madou Daitian Temple is a magnificent and colorful temple in Tainan. Not only can the worshippers visit the eighteen levels of Hell but also the Heaven (it was built in 1979 and inaugurated in 1983) here. The lighting and sound effects are stunning and frightening. When walking alone in the space, one may feel like taking a Guan Luo Yin trip (a Taoist necromancy which leads people’s spirits to hell and communicate with the dead ones) to visit the underworld prison. Before arriving the first court of the underworld, the visitor will walk through the Mountain of Heart Summit, the Pure Heart Pond, the Frontier between the Living and the Dead Realms, the Soul Registry Hall, the Portico of Demons, the Center for Complementary Teaching of Canonical Books, the Citadel of Premature Death, and the Bridge of Vanity. When one arrives at the first court, they will see King Chin-guang, who is in charge of the court, using the Mirror of Retribution to show the earthly form of evil creatures and also witness the sub-hell of Pillar-Holding and Fire Bed, etc. At the second court, King Chu-jiang collates the register of sins the souls of the dead have committed to impose the punishments. Here, you will see the sub-hell of Excrement and Urine, Hungry Ghost, Burning Dance Floor, Ice, Pus and Blood, Whipping, Tongue-Raking, Sword Blade, Stomach-Piercing, Chopping, etc. Next, the dead at the third court, ruled by King Song-di, will receive the punishments including inversion tortures, face-skinning with steel and copper knife, eye-wrenching, pounding, blood-sucking, rib-piercing, roasting, tendon-taking, being eaten by maggots. The visitor can pay a visit to the Palace of Soul-Resuscitation for the Four Forms of Creatures (birth from an egg, birth from a womb, birth from moisture, and birth by transformation). King Wu-guan is in charge of the fourth court. There are sixteen sub-hells at the fourth court including Waist Chop, Tongue Removal, Boiling Pond, Mouth-stabbing, Skin-peeling, Sword Tree, Burning Wheels and Cart, Eye-shooting, etc. Next, at the fifth court, sinful souls are allowed to ascend the Tower of Hometown-Viewing to take a final look of their family. The visitor will witness sub-hells of Knee-striking, Heart-slicing, Blade Mountain, Flying Swords and Burning Stones, etc. The King of Bian City takes charge of the sixth court, which is also known as the “Great Hell of Screaming,” with sub-hells including Fire Cattle, Tiger-Biting, Kidney-Eating, Mouth-Poking, Throat-Nailing, Iron Mill, Decapitation, etc. The King of Tai-shan is in charge of the seventh court, the “Great Hell of Heat and Fire.” The sixteen sub-hells at this court include Finger-Searing, Bowel-Hauling, Stone-Bearing, Boiling Oil, Tongue-Removal and Cheek-Piercing, etc. Next, the King Du-shi is in charge of the eighth court, the “Great Hell of Intense Fire and Heat,” and the sub-hells including Fire Dogs, Molten Iron, Iron Snakes, Dismemberment, Steel Spikes, Burning-Marrow, Iron Ball, Scale, etc. The ninth court is ruled by the King Ping-deng. It is known as the biggest court, Avici Hell (the Hell of Incessant Suffering), which if the lowest level of the hell realm and the interior is gloomily and terrifyingly dark. Those who committed the most serious evil deed will be sent to the Avici Hell. Sub-hells such as Poisonous Snake, Brain-Removal, Crow-Gnawing, Raining Needles, Wasps and Scorpions are included at this court. After arriving the tenth court, ruled by the Great King of the Reincarnation Palace, one can visit the “Observatory of Life on earth” and the “eight bureaus of the Reincarnation Palace” (including the Bureau of Judicial Control, the Bureau of Good-Actions, the Bureau of Bad-Actions, the Bureau of Debts, Gratitude, and Vengeance, the Bureau of Longevity and Destiny, the Bureau of Familial Ties, the Bureau of the Reincarnated, and the Bureau of Birth). The sinful one will be sent to the Pavilion of Mengpo and made to drink the Soup of Forgetfulness to forget all past affairs. According to the sinful one’s merits of previous life, they will go across one of the six bridges (gold, silver, jade, stone, wood, bamboo) to the “Reincarnation-Wheel (Wheel on the Crimson River).” Finally, one is able to reborn in the six realms. According to the Aṣṭadaśa nāraka sutra ( the Eighteen Hells Sutra), after one passes away, they will enter an intermediate and transitional state between death and rebirth, known as antarābhava in Sanskrit, for forty-nine days. The being will be evaluated by Yama, who will decide if one should get reborn or get punished at the hell. Those who committed the Five Grave Offenses (killing one’s father, killing one’s mother, killing an Arhat, shedding the blood of a Buddha, and creating a schism within the community of Buddhist monks and nun who practice for attaining enlightenment.) will be sent to the Avici Hell and stay there eternally. Kṣitigarbha is the Lord of the Nether World, ruling the ten court of Hell. The lord will set up the “Hall of Teaching” at each court to salvage those sinful ones who still obtain few merits at the offering rituals.

Human beings live the Sahā world (sahāloka in Sanskrit, meaning “endurance of suffering,” a concept of mundane world in Mahāyāna Buddhism) where they share with other reincarnations (including beings of the hells, of the preta, and of malevolent nature spirits) with five turbidities (the Kalpa turbidity, the view turbidity, the affliction turbidity, the living beings turbidity, and the life turbidity). Those who commit the ten evil deeds (killing, stealing, adultery, lying, using immoral language, slandering, equivocating, coveting, anger, and false views) must fall into the three evil paths (animals, preta, and hell). However, how can one escape from the three realms/ twenty-eight heavens (including the six heavens of the desire realm, the eighteen heavens of the form realm, and the four heavens of the formless realm)? Worldly people who don’t have such an awareness cannot leave the cycle of the twelve nidanas (meaning causes or motivations), let alone eliminate the eighty-one afflictions (that have been produced due to misunderstanding regarding reality) and the eighty-eight illusions (including five afflictions of advanced practitioners, also known as five views: view of self, extreme view, evil view, view of attachment to views, and view of morality; and five unintelligent temptations: desire, anger, stupidity, arrogance, and doubt) of thought within the three realms and four Arya satyas (noble truths, including suffering, arising, ending, and path). They cannot realize that the essence of the five skandhas (referring to aggregates of clinging, including the matter of form, sensation, recognition, mental formation, and consciousness) , the twelve ayatana (meaning sense base, including six internal bases: eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind and six external bases: visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects), and the eighteen dhātavah (meaning compositional elements of human existence, including six consciousness, six faculties, and their objects) are the emptiness and the void. Furthermore, they cannot dispel the two reasons for clinging to the idea of the self and the attachment to elemental constructs and even believe in the two (false) tenets that that karma and nirvana are not real and that the ego and phenomena are real. As a consequence, they fail to develop the eleven wholesome mental factors (faith, energy, conscience, being ashamed, non-attachment, non-aggression, non-delusion, calmness, equanimity, conscientiousness, and non-injuriousness) and cease the sixteen unwholesome mental factors (desire, greed, anger, delusion, arrogance, doubt, wrong view, wrath, enmity, hypocrisy, vexation, jealousy, parsimony, deceit, flattery, harming, ambitiousness, stupidity, lacking of faith, idleness, being unrestrained, forgetting, distraction, non-discernment, ). One must bear in mind that once all our virtuous roots are discontinued, they will be trapped in the never-ending reincarnation and the suffering of infinite continuity.
Is it possible that the hell will be empty one day? If the beings in hell will become extinct while evil spirits inhabit the mundane world, the world could be considered as a pure land. If we could witness the nature of the void, then hell will exist no more.
Since ancient times, the concept of hell has been widely spread among all tribes. Aging, death, beginning, and end are the basis of nature and the core of cosmic consciousness. However, the prosperous civilization as our island is not a place where desire can be eliminated. It’s impossible to eradicate evil nature. Since fetters brought by the constitution, the state, the law, society, the military, corporations, schools, families, and groups are not less than the eighteen levels of hell, the mortals repress themselves, bury their feelings. Day after day, greed, anger, stupidity, arrogance, doubt, and resentment are stacking. However, since the six dust (visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects) has not yet been extinguished, people in the mundane world are still full of delusions. The demons, devils, evil spirits, and the wondering dead exist in the wilderness, while only advanced practitioners with transcendent would attempt to make contact with the dead in the wasteland and forest. Worldly people like us trespass in Disneyland-like man-made hell. It is absurd and ridiculous that the hellish scenes cannot stop us from perpetrating evil deeds, but the horrific and cruel scenes yet satisfy our self-righteous shame.

The pandemic has been boiling over for more than a year and a half. The number of infected patients worldwide is nearly a hundred and eighty million, and the death toll has risen to four million, which is equivalent to a war crisis. I hope that we can all be compassionate, give peace to the dead, treat all sentient beings well and equally. The hell is innately empty; however, deluded and misleading thoughts would give rise to all jealousy and hatred and then manifest the hell before us. This book merely serves as a memorandum of conscience for dictators of the world’s new cold war, supporters of unrestrained warfare, dark web hackers, and those who are cunning and contemptuous and maltreat others when knowing they have problems.

June 2021,

Yao Jui-chung