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#寶寶手語
#發展里程
#職能治療師
#呂家馨
#早期教育
[英文學習] 到底該如何閱讀英文？
Extensive, intensive, or narrow reading? What is skimming and scanning?
英語學習者經常被要求在課堂上以多種方式閱讀。有些學習者被要求開口朗誦，讀出每個單詞。有些學習者則默念於心以理解文本。但默讀時，學習者該略讀其要義還是掃讀關鍵細節？抑或專注於語言功能還是練習閱讀策略？
English learners are often asked to read in diverse ways in the classroom. Some are asked to read orally and sound out each word. Others are told to read silently for comprehension. However, when reading silently, should learners skim for essential meanings or scan for key details? Or should they focus on linguistic features and practice reading strategies?
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Oral Reading
在找到一種閱讀方法之前，讓我們來檢視一下不同的閱讀類型。朗誦需要老師或學生大聲地朗讀，並幫助學生掌握聲韻，幫助他們改進語調、腔調、重音與節奏。默讀則包含精讀、泛讀以及窄式閱讀。
Before we can address these questions and find a suitable reading approach, let’s examine what the different reading types are.
Oral reading involves the teacher or students reading aloud and helps students to develop prosody, improving their intonation, tone, stress, and rhythm. Silent reading consists of intensive, extensive, and narrow reading, amongst others.
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Intensive Reading
精讀需要學習者在特定的學習目標與任務中進行精細的閱讀。這通常是課堂上的要求，學生須專注在文法及標示語等細節。同時學生還須辨別關鍵詞彙，並在老師的指導下仔細且反覆地閱讀文本。其目的在於建立語言知識以及對字面意涵、言外之意與修辭關係的理解。閱讀材料通常是少於５００字的文本，因為較長的文本可能導致閱讀時難以關注到所有細節。
Intensive reading refers to reading in detail with specific learning aims and tasks. It is typically classroom-based, and students focus on features such as grammar and discourse markers. Students also identify key vocabulary, and text is read carefully and repeatedly with instructor input. The aim is to build language knowledge and understanding of literal meaning, implications, and rhetorical relationships. The materials used are usually shorter texts of 500 words or less at a time because it might be too difficult to focus on so many details with longer texts.
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Narrow Reading
窄式閱讀可被視為一種特殊的精讀，它是基於「可理解輸入」此一概念，意即學生閱讀略高於自身語言能力的材料。如此一來，在老師的協助下，學生得以輕鬆地專注於新的語言特徵。在練習窄式閱讀時，教師通常會找同一作者或同一主題的文章。因此，關鍵詞彙與文法結構會重複出現，學生便有更多機會在稍異的文本中看到這些特徵。這是一種非常成功的方法，因為它可以增進學生對文本的理解。
Narrow reading can be classified as a specific type of intensive reading. It is based on the concept of comprehensible input, in which students read materials slightly above their current linguistic abilities. In this way, students can easily focus on new language features with the aid of their teacher. When practicing narrow reading, teachers can find texts by the same author or the same topic. Thus, key vocabulary and grammatical structures repeat themselves, and students get many opportunities to see these features in slightly different contexts. It is a highly successful method because the comprehension of the text is enhanced due to learner familiarity with the author and subject matter.
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Extensive Reading, Scanning & Skimming
另一方面，泛讀需要學習者閱讀較長的文章，甚至閱讀整本小說以自娛並發展一般的閱讀技巧。泛讀經常是課外活動，因為老師可能會覺得這無法有效利用課堂時間，或者老師不希望課堂上太過安靜。
泛讀可能需要兩項技能：掃讀與略讀。我們可以掃讀關鍵細節或略讀要義。略讀與掃讀可使讀者大致掌握文本涵意。這並非意味著您在精讀時就不能略讀或掃讀，只是精讀通常專注在學習並理解語言特徵。當代的教育政策格外強調泛讀，因為我們期許學習者可以自主學習，並在課外進行閱讀。就其核心理念而言，泛讀鼓勵語言學習者讀其所愛！
On the other hand, extensive reading involves learners reading longer texts and even complete novels for enjoyment, and it aids learners in developing general reading skills. Extensive reading is usually done outside the classroom because teachers might feel it is not an effective use of class time, or are just uncomfortable with the extended silence.
Scanning and skimming are two skills commonly used in extensive reading. Readers can scan for key details or skim for essential meaning. Reading quickly with skimming and scanning can give readers a global or general understanding of the materials. This does not mean students cannot skim or scan when reading intensively, but typically, intensive reading focuses on learning and understanding linguistic features. Extensive reading is stressed in contemporary education policies, as learners are expected to be autonomous and read outside of class. At its core, extensive reading encourages language learners to read what they like!
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How should you read?
既然您已大致瞭解這幾種閱讀方式，您決定好要使用哪一種了嗎？答案是——您需要視情況而定！若您想進行泛讀，可閱讀更多有趣的新聞。若想精讀，您可以分析段落並與老師以及同學們回答問題。若想使用窄式閱讀，您可以找同一作者的同一主題文章，並專注在語言特徵。有些人甚至想以朗誦的方式來加強韻律或是重複閱讀來增加流暢度。
Now that you have a glimpse of different reading approaches, have you decided which you will use? The "answer" is that you need each for a different situation! You can practice extensive reading when reading for pleasure, or intensive reading when analyzing paragraphs with your teachers and peers. As for narrow reading, you can find articles by the same author on the same topic and focus on language features. Some might even want to practice oral reading to improve prosody or repeated reading to increase fluency.
訓練有素的老師可以傳授您各種不同的閱讀方法與策略，如此您便可自行練習。但即便您知道該怎麼做，您是否有足夠的決心與毅力？您該如何選擇閱讀材料並且積累閱讀策略呢？
A trained teacher can provide you with approaches and strategies for each situation so you can practice them on your own. However, even when you know how to read, do you have the determination and perseverance to read or do so much? How do you select the right materials, and how do you acquire reading strategies?
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Narrow Reading Course
如果您需要這些閱讀技巧與學習方法，也想練習窄式閱讀，那麼王梓沅老師的英文課程可以幫助到您。王梓沅老師將窄式閱讀拓展為窄式學習法，在不同的媒體上關注同一作者的同一主題資料。他的課程還使用「成長心態」與「恆毅力」學習法，傳授學習者如何開始並持之以恆，而後成為自己成功路上的最佳導師！
If you need these reading and learning strategies and want to practice narrow reading, Alexander Wang’s course is the one for you. Alex expands the narrow reading approach into narrow learning, focusing on effective language learning by using materials from the same author, the same theme, but different media. His class also guides students in developing a growth mindset with an emphasis on grit, teaching learners how they can start and sustain their learning.
The class aims to help learners become their own teachers on their English learning journey!
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Check out his class here:
限時折扣，最後倒數 >>> https://bit.ly/34DG64O
推薦該課程的所有收益將捐獻給慈善機構。在收到資金並完成捐贈後，我將會發表一個公告。
All proceeds from the referral of the class will be donated to charity. I will make an announcement when the funds are received and donated.
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References
Gardner, D. (2008). Vocabulary recycling in children's authentic reading materials: A corpus-based investigation of narrow reading. Reading in a Foreign Language, 20(1), 92-122.
Krashen, S. (2004). The case for narrow reading. Language Magazine 3(5):17-19.
MacLeod, M. (2013). Types of Reading. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
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[Keywords / #法式甜點關鍵詞] 「我的甜點是 chef 做的嗎？」 － #廚房裡的階級與分工 / "Is this pastry made by the chef?" - the kitchen brigade and hierarchy (for English, please click "see more")
「我的甜點是 chef 做的嗎？」似乎是許多人的疑問，然而...
📌 「一個店家（或是餐廳、旅館）每天要生產數十、數百個作品，法式甜點又如此精細複雜，大部分甜點需要不只一天才能製作組裝完成。即使是最前線的甜點師，都不見得能夠從頭到尾參與到所有元素的製作；#身處的階層越高、#真正參與到實際操作的部分就更少了。」
那麼甜點廚房裡到底是怎麼分工的呢？每個人又負責什麼樣的職責？點開連結，我們 #從廚房編制的起源說起，#揭密現代甜點廚房內部運作的模樣！
📌 「甜點廚房的編制和料理廚房非常類似，階級由上到下包括 chef pâtissier、sous-chef pâtissier、chef de partie、commis、apprenti(e)、stagiaire。...階級嚴明，#由上層長官掌管下級團隊成員的廚房編制，#不禁讓人想起軍隊。」
🔖 延伸閱讀：
掌握關鍵詞、一窺法式甜點堂奧：https://tinyurl.com/y5c99dd8
看懂、吃懂法式甜點的入門課：https://tinyurl.com/y4w9sxxs
******
"Is my pastry made by the chef?" seems to be a popular question, however...
📌 "A patry shop, restaurant, or a hotel would produce tens or hundreds of pastries each day. The composition of French pastries is notoriously complicated and it takes more than one day to make most of the pastries. Even a frontline pâtissier probably wouldn't participate in every single process, so pastry chefs at a higher rank would do less operational work."
So how exactly jobs in the kitchen are done? How do we define everyone's duty? Click on the link below, we'll talk about the origin of the kitchen brigade and show you how a modern pastry kitchen works!
📌 "Pastry kitchens works pretty similarly to cuisine kitchens. It's built on a hierarchy where the chef pâtissier is situating on the top, followed by the sous-chef pâtissier, chef de partie, commis, apprenti(e), and stagiaire. This strict hierarchy is in fact reminiscent of the military organisation."
🔖 You might also be interested
The must-konw French pastry keywords: https://tinyurl.com/y5c99dd8
French pastry foundamentals: https://tinyurl.com/y4w9sxxs
#yingspastryguide #frenchpastrykeywords #brigade #yingc
★記得要訂閱我喔！☆訂閱Vivian每週看新片，請記得開啟YouTube🔔通知！
🌸食譜：
市售的五穀堅果雜糧粉不太便宜，重點是不知有無添加有的沒有的添加物？其實自己做相當的簡單，只要有台破壁機，在家也能輕鬆做出養生雜穀堅果粉囉！
把準備好的各種米、豆、穀物、雜糧、堅果等混在一起，稍微洗淨後，倒入鍋中乾炒到材料顏色微微泛黃盡量乾燥，帶著微微香味，放涼完全冷卻後，放入破壁機當中，打細成粉，放涼裝罐即完成自製養生雜穀堅果粉。
我比較在意潤五臟、烏髮、跟滋潤肌膚的功效，所以材料組成是我個人的偏好，大家可以按照自己的需要，自行微調搭配食材的組合。
大家一起來動手做增肌減脂的雜穀堅果精力粉吧～
📌詳細文字食譜🔗
https://reurl.cc/nnlXyv
📌影片小撇步
1.喜歡帶有口感就不要打過細，喜歡細緻口感，可以打到自己喜歡的精細程度。甚至過濾1-2次，每次都把濾出來的粗渣，再次用破壁機打細，就可以得到非常細緻的綜合雜穀堅果粉。
2.小心不要加入過多帶油脂的堅果類，比如松子、花生、芝麻，否則會破壁釋出過多的油脂，造成粉容易沾黏在一起。
3.不要一次打過多，盡量新鮮食用，因為堅果類破壁後容易氧化，放太久容易有油耗味（代表油脂氧化）要特別注意。
👩🏻🍳 食材 Recipes
核桃80克
淮山40克
薏仁80克
紅豆60克
小米40克
芡實40克
蓮子40克
茯苓1片
燕麥60克
黑芝麻60克
紅棗去籽8顆
枸杞1大匙
☘️料理名稱＆做法不一定正統，食譜純粹以個人經驗改良分享 ，請多包涵指教。
🌹About Dream Chef Home 夢幻廚房在我家🌹
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⚠️ This video is no sponsor ❌
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《你最好》現已於iTunes, KKBOX, MOOV, 3Music, EOLAsia, MusicONE, Musicholic, Soliton, Smartone等各大電子平台有售！
iTunes - https://itunes.apple.com/hk/artist/wang-zi-xuan/id324702967?l=zh
KKBOX - http://kkbox.fm/CA0Lge
MOOV - http://goo.gl/JajqWQ
3 Music - http://goo.gl/y5MAva
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王梓軒2014年第一主打「你最好」是一首充滿時代氣息的情歌，風格清新, 有一種復刻東方樂韻的浪盪情懷。歌詞的調子輕鬆卻内藏 [愛是接纳與包容] 的普世價值。王梓軒首次找來台灣著名音樂人Skot Suyama (陶山) 聯手作曲，並由ERIC KWOK及陶山合力監製，林若寧填詞。今次王梓軒親往台灣全程參與歌曲製作，擴闊個人音樂疆界之餘, 更希望為聽眾帶來新鮮的觸感和角度。
誠意在這19年一遇的中西元宵情人節，把這首歌送給在各位心目中風格獨特、「你最好」的情人!
你最好
主唱：王梓軒
曲：王梓軒 / Skot Suyama（陶山）
詞：林若寧
編：Skot Suyama（陶山）
監：Skot Suyama（陶山）/ Eric Kwok
你要記住信任你自己任性得很動人
你要記住你是最獨有就算幾多缺陷
你要記住有自信心面對膚淺世人
個個對你怎批判對你怎醜化我也會找出美感
你聽得到 la...la...la...la...la...怎唱也好 你缺點都這樣好
如何彈 la...la...la...la...la... 怎唱也好 有信心一切便好
為情人而驕傲 何其驕傲 看你很多角度 個個美好的構圖
一絲絲優點都會看出仰慕 最佳的信徒
笑納你倔強外表未會討好世人
對我國度你是最重要絕對不需要問
世界要是棄舊愛新換了幾多女神
往往以眼睛選美個個比起你每個女生都次等
你聽得到 la...la...la...la...la...怎唱也好 你缺點都這樣好
如何彈 la...la...la...la...la... 怎唱也好 有信心一切便好
為情人而驕傲 何其驕傲 看你很多角度 個個美好的構圖
一絲絲優點都會看出仰慕 I just wanna be
Your, your, yours tonight Your, your, yours tonight
萬千姿色裡找尋 精細無瑕伴侶其實已遇到
盲目的因你自豪 你須知道
你聽得到 la...la...la...la...la...怎唱也好 你缺點都這樣好
如何彈 la...la...la...la...la... 怎唱也好 有信心一切便好
為情人而驕傲 何其驕傲 看你很多角度 個個美好的構圖
一絲絲優點都會看出仰慕 I just wanna be
Your, your, yours tonight Your, your, yours tonight
Your, your, yours tonight Your, your, yours tonight
眼中只有情愫
王梓軒 Jonathan Wong
- OFFICIAL 官方網站 -
http://www.jon-wong.com
- FACEBOOK -
http://www.facebook.com/jonathanwongcheehynn
- WEIBO 微博 -
http://t.sina.com.cn/jonwongzixuan
- INSTAGRAM -
http://www.instagram.com/jwomusic
點閱以下連結欣賞其他王梓軒作品:
《安全著陸 》Official MV （十週年版本）: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXazAq7y4mg
《邊緣引力》Official MV : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BbTwTOm2q5Y
《夜曲17章》Official MV : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSLKCqtwwbg
《心足》Official MV : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdgdihMhj6o
《碰不上會更美》Official MV : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BA4PhfrNI1Y
《你最好》All Of You Official MV : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BA4PhfrNI1Y
《玩具也流淚 Toy Story》音樂錄像 Official MV : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAtD07deOpA
《跳火坑》Double Down Official MV : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAtD07deOpA
《平常心》Official MV : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ju7p029z24w
「千色」Fighting For 音樂電影主題曲 Music Movie Theme Song : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABpG1gOMxfA
Special Thanks
PANDORA jewellery
http://www.pandora.net/en-hk
AUBERGE Discovery Bay
http://www.aubergediscoverybay.com/wedding/the-white-chapel
