關於 taiwan political system ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

巴黎著名人權和宗教自由律師、學者帕特里夏·杜瓦爾觀察到，當她第一次得知太極門案時，對台灣政府忽視國際批評風險感到驚訝。另一方面，她在法國的經歷告訴她，有時宗教和精神少數派的反對者並沒有考慮到這些風險。杜瓦爾指出，台灣於 2009 年批准並將《公民權利和政治權利國際公約》（ICCPR）和《經濟、社會和文化權利國際公約》（ICESCR）納入其國家法律。這些，正如歐洲人權法院和其他國際司法管轄區所解釋的那樣，包括在稅收和宗教自由決定中，
Patricia Duval, a well-known Paris human rights and religious liberty attorney and scholar, observed that when she first learned of the Tai Ji Men case, she was surprised that the Taiwan government was ignoring the risk of being criticized internationally. On the other hand, her experience in France told her that sometimes opponents of religious and spiritual minorities do not take these risks into account. Duval noted that Taiwan in 2009 ratified and included in its national law the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). These, as they have been interpreted by the European Court of Human Rights and other international jurisdictions, including in tax and religious liberty decisions, should have been applied to the Tai Ji Men case and led to its solution, but they didn’t.
　
“人權無國界”的聯合創始人兼董事威利·福特（Willy Fautré）表示，台灣是一個民主國家，但沒有一個民主國家是完美的。太極門案讓台灣有機會像照鏡子一樣看到其民主制度的不完善之處。Fautré 說，現在應該立即解決這個問題。
　
Willy Fautré, co-founder and director of Human Rights Without Frontiers, stated that Taiwan is a democracy, but no democracy is perfect. The Tai Ji Men case offers to Taiwan an opportunity to see, as if in a mirror, what is imperfect in its democratic system. It should now be solved, Fautré said, without delay.

https://bitterwinter.org/scholars-discuss-transitional-justice-tai-ji-men-case/

淺談「假新聞」

最近上課時學到一個新單字「positionality」，讓我想到當前社群媒體上，不停看到的「fake news」——假新聞。

簡言之，「positionality」(位置性) 被定義為於種族、階級、性別、性取向以及能力等狀態中，創造你身分的社會與政治背景。位置性還描述了你的身分如何影響你對世界的理解與看法，以及潛在的偏見。

positionality 位置性；定位
https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/3390885/
https://www.lexico.com/definition/positionality

以下是我對「positionality」與 「fake news」的些許觀點：

“Fake news” has permeated all facets of life, ranging from social media interaction to presidential elections. Fake news can be defined as “fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organizational process or intent” (Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1094). The creators and outlets of fake news do not ensure the accuracy and credibility of information, but rather disseminate misinformation or disinformation for purposes ranging from personal amusement to creating deceptions to achieve political aims. At times, fake news is created and disseminated by state or non-state actors using social media accounts and networks of bots designed to hijack feed algorithms of platforms such as Twitter or Facebook (Prier, 2017, p. 54). In the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, Facebook estimated that up to 60 million bots were used to post political content. Some of the same bots were then used in an attempt to influence the 2017 French election (Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1095). Such campaigns can be understood as a form of information warfare, a comprehensive attempt to control and influence every facet of the information supply chain, thereby influencing public opinion and behaviors. (Prier, 2017, p. 54). Often, fake news is not directly created by actors that seek to manipulate but by journalists or content creators whose content favors or aligns with the narratives of these actors (Doshi, 2020).

從社群媒體的互動到總統選舉，「假新聞」（fake news）已滲透至生活的各個層面。假新聞可被定義為「在形式上而非組織過程或意圖上，模仿新聞媒體內容所捏造的資訊」（Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1094）。無論是出於個人愛好或為達政治目的而有所欺瞞，假新聞的製造者與傳播管道並不保證資訊的準確性與可信度，反而是為了散播錯誤訊息（misinformation）或扭曲訊息（disinformation）。有時，假新聞是由國家或非國家行為者（state or non-state actors）所製造與傳播，藉由社群媒體帳號及網絡機器人來劫持諸如臉書與推特等平臺的推送演算法（Prier, 2017, p. 54）。在2016年的美國總統大選中，臉書估計有多達６千萬個機器人被用來發布政治貼文。其中，有部分機器人被用於影響隔年的法國大選（Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1095）。此類行動可視為資訊戰（information warfare）的一種形式，一種對控制與影響資訊供應鏈各環節的全面嘗試，從而影響公眾輿論與行為（Prier, 2017, p. 54）。假新聞通常是由記者或內容創造者（content creators）所創造，而非試圖操弄的行為者，前者的內容偏好符合後者的敘事（Doshi, 2020）。

Nevertheless, while the term “fake news” is commonplace, there is no universal, measurable way to quantify the fakeness or truthfulness of news. There are many fact-checking and media-bias detection tools, but they cannot objectively detect and clarify the more subtle and nuanced aims of manipulative actors that play a crucial role in news production. It can also be argued that the veracity of news depends not only on the actors that seek to manipulate it, but also on the positionality of its consumers. Therefore, one’s initial line of defense against misleading news lies not in the plethora of fact-checking devices but more in one’s pre-existing dispositions and skills to think and act in response to misleading information. This ability can be referred to as critical thinking, which can be more concretely expounded as “reasonable and reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do” (Ennis, 2011, p. 15).

然而，即便「假新聞」一詞隨處可見，卻沒有統一、可衡量的方式來量化新聞的虛假性或真實性。目前有許多事實查核與媒體偏見檢測工具，但它們無法客觀地檢測與說明行為操弄者更狡猾、更細緻的目標，而這些操弄者往往在新聞的生產中發揮著重要作用。我們也可以說，新聞的真實性不僅取決於試圖操弄它的行為者，同時還取決於新聞受眾的位置性。因此，一個人對抗誤導性新聞的第一道防線，不在於這些五花八門的事實查核方式，反而在於個人所固有的性格，以及針對誤導性資訊的思考與行動等相關技能。這種能力可稱為批判性思考（critical thinking），意即「專注於決定相信什麼或做什麼的理性思考與反思性思考」（Ennis, 2011, p. 15）。

Taiwan, also known as the Republic of China (ROC), is at the forefront of information warfare. It is wedged between the geopolitical struggles of global and regional hegemonies such as the United States and China, the People's Republic of China (PRC). Compounding the matter are the Taiwan’s own political actors vying for influence and power. This struggle seeps into all aspects of life and practice, mainly manifesting itself on social media, a battleground of information warfare. The Ministry of Education of Taiwan is cognizant of these information campaigns, and efforts have been made to introduce media literacy into all parts of its education system. According to the ministry, the government has tried to promote media literacy education since 2000 (MOE, 2002, p. 1), with one of its primary goals to cultivate its “citizens” abilities for independent learning, critical thinking, and problem solving” (MOE, 2002, p. 2).

臺灣，也被稱為中華民國，正處於資訊戰的最前線。這是全球霸權與地區霸權之間——如美國與中國（中華人民共和國）——的地緣政治對抗。使問題惡化的是臺灣自身的政治行動者對影響力與權力的奪取。這場對抗遍布於現實生活的各個面向，主要於社群媒體中——資訊戰的戰場——展露無遺。臺灣的教育部注意到了這些資訊的煙硝，並已努力將媒體素養引入其教育體系。據該部稱，自2000年以來，政府一直試圖推展媒體素養教育（MOE, 2002, p. 1），其主要目標之一是培養「公民獨立學習、批判性思考以及解決問題的能力。」（MOE, 2002, p. 2）。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

上述段落認為，由於個人的位置性(positionality)，「假新聞」極難定義。此外，有許多人把不符合自身成見與偏好的新聞逕斥為假新聞。這其實相當危險，因為個人觀點將會變得愈發孤立與激進。

閱聽人應意識到，他們在網路上看到的每個資訊都有特定立場。是否真有毫無立場的新聞文章？為了對抗操弄性或強制性資訊（coercive information），我們必須意識到權力於個中的作用，以及我們自身的位置性如何形塑我們的詮釋。這是我們的第一道防線。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

參考文獻

Doshi, R. (2020, January). China steps up its information war in Taiwan. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved March, 21, 2021, from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2020-01-09/china-steps-its-information-war-taiwan

Ennis, R. H. (1985). A logical basis for measuring critical thinking skills. Educational leadership, 43(2), 44-48.

Lazer, D. M., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., ... & Zittrain, J. L. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 1094-1096.

MOE (Ministry of Education), Taiwan. (2002). White paper on media literacy educational policy. Retrieved March, 21, 2021, from http://english.moe.gov.tw/public/Attachment/ 2122416591771.pdf

Prier, J. (2017). Commanding the trend: Social media as information warfare. Strategic Studies Quarterly: SSQ, 11(4), 50-85.

★★★★★★★★★★★★

教育時評: http://bit.ly/39ABON9

相關詞彙: https://bit.ly/2UncrfI

TED相關影片: https://bit.ly/3BDsDKl

【嚴正抗議 我國未獲邀出席WHA】

第74屆「世界衛生大會」（WHA）線上會議今天(5/24)開議，我國未獲邀以觀察員身分出席。外交部吳部長及衛福部陳部長共同表達我國政府嚴正不滿的抗議立場，並強調政府及全民持續積極爭取參與的堅定決心，同時也向國際社會對我國參與的強勁支持，表達誠摯謝意。

包括WHO在內的聯合國體系一再強調「不遺漏任何人」（Leave no one behind）的崇高目標，全球防疫不應有缺口，「世界衛生組織」（WHO）秘書處卻漠視2,350萬台灣人民的健康人權，也忽視國際挺台的聲音。健康是基本人權、普世價值，作為專業國際醫衛組織，WHO應為全人類健康福祉服務，不應屈從於特定會員的政治利益。

台灣未受邀參與WHA，不僅是台灣的損失，也是世界的損失，外交部呼籲WHO堅守專業中立，摒除中國政治干預，基於維護全人類福祉及共同抗疫的考量，早日讓台灣參與WHO各項會議、機制及活動，與全球共同促進人類的健康與安全。
.
.
MOFA would like to protest in the strongest terms its exclusion—even as an observer—from the 74th World Health Assembly which kicks off today.

MOFA Minister Joseph Wu protested the decision alongside Minister of Health and Welfare Chen Shih-chung, stating that the government and the people of #Taiwan will persevere in asserting their right to attend, while thanking all those in the international community who support Taiwan’s inclusion.

The UN system, including the WHO, continues to emphasize the ultimate goal of leaving no one behind, so that there might be no gap in global pandemic-prevention efforts; however the WHO ignores the rights of the 23.5 million Taiwanese people to health, as well as the international support for Taiwan’s participation. Health is a #HumanRight and as a professional organization dealing with #PublicHealth, the WHO should concern itself with the health and welfare of all mankind, instead of putting #PoliticsBeforeHealth.

Taiwan’s exclusion is not just a loss for Taiwan, but also a loss for the wider world, and MOFA asks that the WHO maintain professional neutrality, instead of ceding to political interference from the PRC.

#WHA74 #EndThisPandemic

凌子楚政見
1. 爭取嘉義縣市合作的牛稠溪科學園區，創造就業機會，增加市庫收益，讓青年返鄉，讓三代同堂，成為嘉義人共同的選項。
Pursuit a science-based industrial park with a county and city’s cooperation along the river to create more jobs and government income.
Let youths all have more chances to come home work, take care of parents, and enjoy the family reunion.

2. 爭取預算，讓嘉義市成為局處業務整合，全面單一窗口，提供市民服務的示範城市，同時建立在地數位行政管理產業。
Strive for the budget to set up a one-stop service and make Chiayi the first model city in Taiwan.
Integrate and found a digital management system to promote efficiency and convenience for the public.

3.推動企業管理，融入國家治理，盈餘退稅的法律依據。
Promote Legislation to transform business management into political administration system to refound tax.

4.爭取八掌溪，牛稠溪，兩河流域河川整治，截彎取直，建立地下或平面水庫，提供牛稠溪兩岸未來科學園區，或現有工業區所需的專屬水源，拓寬防汛道路，整合大埔美、後湖、頭橋、民雄、中洋、嘉太工業區，作為世賢路以外，兩條新的外環道路，連結國道1號和國道3號，提高運輸能量，促進產業發展，增加就業機會，吸引青年返鄉。
Fight for river improvement and build up a plane reservoir and to satisfy the water demand of the science Park.
Broaden and straighten the prevention roads to expand the flow of transportation as circumferential streets.

5. 延長國道3竹崎交流道的引道，經過林森路、大雅路，到鹿寮嘉義大學，建立新的嘉義東環線，連結到八掌溪防汛道路。
Prolong the freeway Number 3’s interchange road to Chiayi university to connect two flood prevention roads

6. 成立國家大數據中心，由公而私，由內而外，由政策到人事，運用數位科技，解決議會和行政失靈問題，建立4.0版數位民主產業。
Promote legislation to set up democracy Industry 4.0 with digital and bioscience innovation to solve modern political failures.

【讓認真的人被看見，理性首選】
Let you be seen .Vote for the best.

凌子楚．政見
My political commitment

 1. 爭取嘉義縣市合作的牛稠溪科學園區，創造就業機會，增加市庫收益，讓青年返鄉，讓三代同堂，成為嘉義人共同的選項。

Pursuit a science-based industrial park with a county and city’s cooperation along the river to create more jobs and government income.
Let youths all have more chances to come home work, take care of parents, and enjoy the family reunion.

2. 爭取預算，讓嘉義市成為局處業務整合，全面單一窗口，提供市民服務的示範城市，同時建立在地數位行政管理產業。

Strive for the budget to set up a one-stop service and make Chiayi the first model city in Taiwan.
Integrate and found a digital management system to promote efficiency and convenience for the public.

3.推動企業管理，融入國家治理，盈餘退稅的法律依據。

Promote Legislation to transform business management into political administration system to refound tax.

4.爭取八掌溪，牛稠溪，兩河流域河川整治，截彎取直，建立地下或平面水庫，提供牛稠溪兩岸未來科學園區，或現有工業區所需的專屬水源，拓寬防汛道路，整合大埔美、後湖、頭橋、民雄、中洋、嘉太工業區，作為世賢路以外，兩條新的外環道路，連結國道1號和國道3號，提高運輸能量，促進產業發展，增加就業機會，吸引青年返鄉。

Fight for river improvement and build up a plane reservoir and to satisfy the water demand of the science Park.
Broaden and straighten the prevention roads to expand the flow of transportation as circumferential streets.

5. 延長國道3竹崎交流道的引道，經過林森路、大雅路，到鹿寮嘉義大學，建立新的嘉義東環線，連結到八掌溪防汛道路。

Prolong the freeway Number 3’s interchange road to Chiayi university to connect two flood prevention roads

6. 成立國家大數據中心，由公而私，由內而外，由政策到人事，運用數位科技，解決議會和行政失靈問題，建立4.0版數位民主產業。

Promote legislation to set up democracy Industry 4.0 with digital and bioscience innovation to solve modern political failures.

———————————————

選舉像一場人生的考試，去年11月24，選舉開票前的一個禮拜，在朋友下榻的飯店，參加了一個他們的活動，寫了一封給自己的明信片，一年後，自動寄給自己，最近收到這張明信片，如圖示。

The election is just like an examination of our life. One week before last November 24, I had written a letter to myself. I feel a lot Comfortable and satisfied with What I wrote this year.

不管輸贏，莫忘初衷，要打一場自己理想中的選戰，把複雜的政治，簡單做，把簡單的事，認真做，因為簡單才會乾淨。

Whether lose or win, don’t forget what I have believed since the start initially. Thanks for you all, I definitely know I couldn’t have made it successful without your help and trust. I will stick on the ideal of politics that is to make it simple and make it clear.

改變政治，從文化開始，改變文化，從自己開始。
Innovate politics initiating from the culture, innovate the culture initiating from self reflection and practice.

以前，我相信，我做得到，從去年11/24開始，我們相信，我們做得到，我每天身體力行，公開透明，用一日市政和一日議會系列，在臉書分享，無差別的服務，即時的回報，作為對大家支持，最負責任的回報，把民意代表，當成0800 、Ubereats、和food panda 來做，用行腳、臉書和Line提供市民即時的服務，將人民的小事，當作政府的大事，讓政治可以落實到每天的生活，解決人民的問題。

I used to believe I could do it well. Since last year I have been approving that I can do it well. I constantly work on offering indifference service and Instant report to everybody I have reached. I would like to consistently and persistently work out problems of people with the policy, budget, and legislation. There is no bias to solve any problems, because solution is the only way of the game.

讓政治可以善良，讓政治可以簡單，讓政治和我們想的一樣。

Politically, I will do my best to make it simple, and make it clear.
Finally I will make all the politics as good as I can and as good as what you think.

【讓認真的人被看見，理性首選】
Let you be seen .Vote for the best.

凌子楚．政見
My political commitment

 1. 爭取嘉義縣市合作的牛稠溪科學園區，創造就業機會，增加市庫收益，讓青年返鄉，讓三代同堂，成為嘉義人共同的選項。

Pursuit a science-based industrial park with a county and city’s cooperation along the river to create more jobs and government income.
Let youths all have more chances to come home work, take care of parents, and enjoy the family reunion.

2. 爭取預算，讓嘉義市成為局處業務整合，全面單一窗口，提供市民服務的示範城市，同時建立在地數位行政管理產業。

Strive for the budget to set up a one-stop service and make Chiayi the first model city in Taiwan.
Integrate and found a digital management system to promote efficiency and convenience for the public.

3.推動企業管理，融入國家治理，盈餘退稅的法律依據。

Promote Legislation to transform business management into political administration system to refound tax.

4.爭取八掌溪，牛稠溪，兩河流域河川整治，截彎取直，建立地下或平面水庫，提供牛稠溪兩岸未來科學園區，或現有工業區所需的專屬水源，拓寬防汛道路，整合大埔美、後湖、頭橋、民雄、中洋、嘉太工業區，作為世賢路以外，兩條新的外環道路，連結國道1號和國道3號，提高運輸能量，促進產業發展，增加就業機會，吸引青年返鄉。

Fight for river improvement and build up a plane reservoir and to satisfy the water demand of the science Park.
Broaden and straighten the prevention roads to expand the flow of transportation as circumferential streets.

5. 延長國道3竹崎交流道的引道，經過林森路、大雅路，到鹿寮嘉義大學，建立新的嘉義東環線，連結到八掌溪防汛道路。

Prolong the freeway Number 3’s interchange road to Chiayi university to connect two flood prevention roads

6. 成立國家大數據中心，由公而私，由內而外，由政策到人事，運用數位科技，解決議會和行政失靈問題，建立4.0版數位民主產業。

Promote legislation to set up democracy Industry 4.0 with digital and bioscience innovation to solve modern political failures.

———————————————

選舉像一場人生的考試，去年11月24，選舉開票前的一個禮拜，在朋友下榻的飯店，參加了一個他們的活動，寫了一封給自己的明信片，一年後，自動寄給自己，最近收到這張明信片，如圖示。

The election is just like an examination of our life. One week before last November 24, I had written a letter to myself. I feel a lot Comfortable and satisfied with What I wrote this year.

不管輸贏，莫忘初衷，要打一場自己理想中的選戰，把複雜的政治，簡單做，把簡單的事，認真做，因為簡單才會乾淨。

Whether lose or win, don’t forget what I have believed since the start initially. Thanks for you all, I definitely know I couldn’t have made it successful without your help and trust. I will stick on the ideal of politics that is to make it simple and make it clear.

改變政治，從文化開始，改變文化，從自己開始。
Innovate politics initiating from the culture, innovate the culture initiating from self reflection and practice.

以前，我相信，我做得到，從去年11/24開始，我們相信，我們做得到，我每天身體力行，公開透明，用一日市政和一日議會系列，在臉書分享，無差別的服務，即時的回報，作為對大家支持，最負責任的回報，把民意代表，當成0800 、Ubereats、和food panda 來做，用行腳、臉書和Line提供市民即時的服務，將人民的小事，當作政府的大事，讓政治可以落實到每天的生活，解決人民的問題。

I used to believe I could do it well. Since last year I have been approving that I can do it well. I constantly work on offering indifference service and Instant report to everybody I have reached. I would like to consistently and persistently work out problems of people with the policy, budget, and legislation. There is no bias to solve any problems, because solution is the only way of the game.

讓政治可以善良，讓政治可以簡單，讓政治和我們想的一樣。

Politically, I will do my best to make it simple, and make it clear.
Finally I will make all the politics as good as I can and as good as what you think.