今天還是聊 phonics。很多家長可能不太了解 phonics 是什麼,有的趕早送小孩去學,有的跟著公立小學慢慢學,但到後來發現,小考段考以為過關了,實際孩子學完就忘了,其實不會用,船過水無痕。最擔心的是過程中折損了孩子對英文的好感。
先說一句,我那年代學校是國中才教英文,我小學四年級(30 多年前!)在兒童美語班學英文,就是學 phonics,同時學 KK 音標。現在回想起來,當時課程的設計是用 KK 音標+模仿老師學發音、背鵝媽媽童謠學語調、phonics 學拼讀,加上每次下課前錄音回家聽,每次上課默寫、背書、考聽寫,高強度聽說讀寫齊頭並進。我到現在都還記得上課的時候老師邊唱 "Phonics, phonics, phonics~" 要我們拿課本出來,也記得回家作業第一條永遠是 "recite and memorize..." XD
以多年 phonics 使用者的經驗,參考國外母語孩子學 phonics 的歷程資料,試著說清楚 phonics 到底是什麼,怎麼學怎麼練,不足的地方在哪裡。希望對大家有幫助。
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以 cat 這個字來舉例。為了說明方便,聲音我用 IPA / KK 音標表示,臺灣小學階段大部分不用音標。
一、
1.
cat 有「形」-「音」-「義」三個組成部分
形=拼字 spelling:C-A-T
音=發音 pronunciation:[kæt]
義=涵義 meaning (實物、圖片或中文翻譯):🐈
上次貼文裡提到過了,phonics 處理的是「形」-「音」對應,在聽、說、讀、寫四項能力中:
看到 C-A-T,可以唸出 [kæt] :讀的基礎技能
聽到 [kæt] ,可以拼出 C-A-T:寫的基礎技能
(讀和寫是閱讀理解和書面表達能力,需要與「義」結合,並且有上下文,才是有意義的讀寫)
*Phonics 促進的是讀寫能力。(不要再被「自然發音」四個字誤導了!)
把學英文的年齡段提前,就是要按照更合理的「聽說讀寫」學習順序,聽說能力應該先於讀寫。
這樣一看就很清楚,不應該在沒有聽說能力前先學 phonics。
2.
外語孩子不太可能像母語人士一樣,上小學前已經有數千字的聽力詞彙,邊學 phonics 邊學新單字的情況很多。
如果是這樣的情況,就是聽說讀寫同時學習。
*需要留意一個盲點:
小孩看著 🐈 圖卡,唸出 [kæt],拼出 C-A-T,
這時小孩是正確運用了 phonics 規則,由讀音拼出 C-A-T,
還是走了捷徑,看著圖片直接拼出 C-A-T 的?--如果直接由「義」連結到「形」,那就沒有練習到 phonics 技巧。
二、
要能看著 C-A-T 讀出 [kæt],或是聽到 [kæt] 拼出 C-A-T ,孩子需要先具備哪些能力?
1. 認識字母並熟記相應字母音
現在流行的字母音 chants,常是 "A, A, A, /æ/, /æ/, /æ/, apple, apple, apple..." 這類型的。
英文有 26 個字母,但有 44 個音素,不是一一對應的,所以有 phonics 規則來輔助判斷單字如何發音。
2. 聽到 [kæt] ,可分解為 /k/ - /æ/ - /t/ 三個音素
-之前分享過資料,母語孩子大約 6 歲可以有這個能力
3. 聽到 /k/ - /æ/ - /t/ 可以連著讀出 [kæt]
-同上,母語孩子 6 歲的能力
4. 運用 phonics 規則解碼-讀:
(1) 看到 C-A-T,判斷為 CVC (子音-母音-子音) 結構
(2) CVC 結構,判斷 "A" 讀短音 /æ/
(3) "C" 在 "A" 前面,判斷 "C" 讀 /k/ ("C" 在 "E", "I" 前面讀 /s/,其他字母前讀 /k/)
(4) 三個字母分別對應字母音:/k/ - /æ/ - /t/
(5) 運用 3. 的 blending 能力,讀出 [kæt]
5. 運用 phonics 規則編碼-寫:
(1) 聽到 [kæt],分解為 /k/ - /æ/ - /t/ (上述 2. 的能力)
(2) 辨認 /æ/ 為短母音 "A" (上述 1. 的能力)
(3) 判斷 /k/ 在 "A" 前面應為 "C"
(4) 寫出 C-A-T
三、彩蛋!(地雷?)
上面第 5. 項聽音拼字的過程,如果聽力不夠好:
(1) 把 /æ/ 聽成 /ɛ/,就會拼出 K-E-T
(2) 把 /æ/ 聽成 /eɪ/,就會拼出 C-A-T-E
聽力不夠好,原因通常是發音不標準、不穩固。自己說不出來的,耳朵就聽不到。
不穩固的意思是,可能要你特別把 cat, KET, Cate 三個字放在一起唸,還可以分得清楚
但是三個分開在不同句子裡面的時候,難保不會把 cat 唸成 Cate,把 Cate 唸成 KET。
現在看過 phonics 規則運用全過程,你就知道發音不標準,不是要聽的人「自己憑上下文判斷就好、不要吹毛求疵」那麼簡單的問題,
而是會連帶影響拼寫,考試會扣分喔!這樣發音是不是很重要 XD
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做個小結:
1. 發音準確是使用 phonics 規則的必要前提。在小孩能正確發出 44 個音素之前,都不需要心急先學 phonics 規則。
2. Phonics 規則對小小孩來說太抽象,如果你覺得你家三、四歲小孩都學會了,那他要不是天才,就是你看到假象。
3. 小孩 phonics 學很久都還不熟,請不要怪他,真的不是像廣告裡說的那麼輕鬆愉快。
4. 108 課綱之後不知道小學教材有沒有重編過,之前 phonics 分為一個單元一個單元,前面學過考過,後面不會再出現,可能小孩快畢業了你才發現之前幾年學的都船過水無痕...
5. Phonics 規則就算學會了,要大量反覆練習才能精熟,學校的教材練習量只夠應付段考,真正要運用自如,那絕對是不夠的。
6. Phonics 只能讓孩子看到單字唸出聲音,沒辦法讓孩子知道他發出的聲音是什麼意思,並沒有辦法讓孩子像學會注音之後享受自主閱讀,孩子覺得很煩、沒興趣是很正常的。
7. Phonics 只能讓孩子學會閱讀,沒辦法讓孩子愛上閱讀-這才是最重要的事,對吧?
*「爸媽的英文繪本交流站」社團每天都有親子共讀打卡,快來參加!
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一不小心寫了好多,這還只是符合規則的最簡單單字~
不知道這樣寫大家看得清楚嗎?還是更模糊?
留言讓我知道一下吧!
下一篇要先插播講發音。
發音超級重要。Phonics 不能教你發音,但你如果發音不準,phonics 就跟著完蛋。
很多家長擔心自己發音不標準,不敢教小孩,直接送到外面給老師教。
嗯,我有一個壞消息,跟一個好消息...
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過24萬的網紅Xiaxue,也在其Youtube影片中提到,He can actually memorize the lyrics for the whole song! Even as an adult, it took me a while to memorize all the words but dash can recite all of the...
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Teaching our Children
“Therefore you shall lay up these my words in your heart and in your soul. You shall bind them for a sign on your hand, and they shall be for frontlets between your eyes. You shall teach them your children, talking of them, when you sit in your house, and when you walk by the way, and when you lie down, and when you rise up. You shall write them on the door posts of your house, and on your gates; that your days may be multiplied, and the days of your children, in the land which Yahweh swore to your fathers to give them, as the days of the heavens above the earth.” (Deuteronomy 11:18-21 WEB)
God wants us (parents) to teach our children. Nowadays there are many ways to outsource education, but we cannot leave our children completely in the hands of the secular education system.
The most important thing to teach our children from infancy is : God’s word. Teaching is not about seating them in front of a desk with a thick Bible and going through chapter by chapter.
Be led by the Holy Spirit, and whenever an appropriate teaching moment arises, use the chance to talk about Jesus and make the faith real and practical in your children’s lives.
For example, if your child fell down and scraped his knee, just comfort him and pray together, declaring that Jesus’ healing power is entering the wound to fix it.
Before each meal, thank Jesus for the food and declare it sanctified in Jesus’ name. Tell your children that the Lord is specially preparing the food to be clean, good, and healthy for them.
Whenever possible, quote portions of Scripture to etch it in your children’s hearts. “Wow look at all these gifts that we received! Praise Jesus—the Lord is truly our Shepherd, and we shall not lack!”
Teach them Gospel truths—what is applicable under the New Covenant of Grace. Definitely don’t make them recite or memorize the Ten Commandments of the Law.
The Gospel has a prospering effect. It has the power to save from every trouble. As a parent, and especially if you are a father, you are also entrusted with the role of leading your children in their spiritual growth.
“Train up a child in the way he should go, and when he is old he will not depart from it.” (Proverbs 22:6 WEB)
By the leading of the Holy Spirit, build a strong foundation of faith for your children, and they will greatly benefit from it throughout their lives!
When I wrote the book “Sandcastles Don’t Last Forever” the compiled truths within were designed for the whole family. It is so important that our children know from young that we do our best in life for the Lord’s sake, to worship Him, and that He is the one who will reward us. There is no need to live for the praise of men. This belief alone will save them from many disappointments and heartaches.
There are so many great lessons about eternal rewards in the book. I hope you can get it (either the eBook or a paperback copy) and share the truths with your children in a relatable way, after digesting the revelations yourself: http://bit.ly/sandcastlesdontlastforever
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#Repost @qalbyapp
・・・
Make this dua everyday especially before doing something important, so that Allah will grant us the tawfiq to do good deeds, so that our words are good and heard, so that we are guided towards knowledge that is beneficial so we can benefit ourselves and others from it, and especially for protection from a heart that is arrogant - that is the worse condition.
.
How can our deeds be accepted if we have pride and arrogance in the heart? Only humbled, submissive and sincere hearts will have success. Memorize and recite.✨
#QalbyShares #QalbyApp #IgniteYourHeart #LightofIman #PowerofDua
recite memorize 在 Xiaxue Youtube 的精選貼文
He can actually memorize the lyrics for the whole song!
Even as an adult, it took me a while to memorize all the words but dash can recite all of them flawlessly and even correct me when I'm wrong.
Of course the video is edited so it's more fast paced and he didn't sing every verse because, well, sometimes babies don't perform on cue. Still, thanks for your singing Dash!
Dash is 1 year and 5 months old.
Song: A You're Adorable by Sesame Street
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