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關於mutually assured destruction 在 Apple Daily - English Edition Facebook 的精選貼文
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關於mutually assured destruction 在 Eddie Tam 譚新強 Facebook 的精選貼文

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mutually assured destruction 在 Apple Daily - English Edition Facebook 的精選貼文

2021-03-08 22:00:54 有 10 人按讚

#Opinion by CEO Ching | “The pro-establishment camp used to accuse dissidents of upholding an attitude of ʻlam chauʻ(mutually assured destruction) towards the future of Hong Kong. In fact, the former were not reconciled to having the job done by the latter. Now that Hong Kong is being purged of dissidents, the leftist camp will engage in ʻlam chauingʻ Hong Kong. The crisis of the financial industry is drawing near.”

Read: https://bit.ly/3bs7BmM

“建制派過去不斷批評異見人士攬炒香港，其實是左派不甘這個行為由他們主導，現在異見人士逐漸清洗乾淨了，左派將會主導攬炒香港工作，金融業危機迫近。”
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mutually assured destruction 在 Eddie Tam 譚新強 Facebook 的最佳貼文

By Eddie Tam 譚新強

2020-07-24 08:46:57 有 240 人按讚

哈佛中國民調結果：95.5%人民滿意中央政府

美國針對中國的行動又再升級，周二突然勒令中國在72小時內關閉在休斯敦的總領事館。首先，我僅代表在休斯敦總領事館的工作人員感謝美國總統特朗普的決定，因為休斯敦和整個得州已成為Covid大流行的最熱點之一！得州人口不到3000萬，Covid確診宗數已多達35萬，且仍以近幾何級數增長，遠多於整個中國，死亡人數超過4300，恐怕亦將在短期內超越中國！相信整個領事館同人及家人，都極期望早日回到相對安全得多的祖國！

休斯敦總領事館有點特別意義。1979年鄧小平出訪美國，行程包括參觀在休斯敦的Johnson太空中心，和留給人更深刻印象的Rodeo（牛仔競賽）！同年11月，中國就在休斯敦開了在美國的第一間總領事館。現在美國命令休斯敦總領事館關閉，似乎暗示美中41年來關係正常化的完結。我想知道，下一步是否要跟中華人民共和國斷交，然後重新再跟中華民國建交？

早前某雜誌訪問中，我提到傳統政治和經濟體制都已過時，需要冷靜、客觀和深入重新思考，加上考慮如何利用現代科學和科技，達到更佳、更有效率、人民更滿意的社會管治效果。政治和經濟體制是一個非常大、非常複雜，且非常敏感的議題。對很多人來說，政治體制已升至「信仰」層面，堅信某種體制代表正義、善良、美好、道德、完美（接近），甚至神聖！反之，不同或被視為「敵對」的體制，則當然被當為不公、兇殘、醜陋、不道德、糜爛，甚至邪惡！

這是一個常見，但非常不幸和極度危險的現象。因為如把體制當為一種如宗教般的信仰，就即是拒絕以科學、邏輯、數據和理性來作討論和分析！一切都只倚賴盲目信仰（blind faith）！歷史上當然充滿以宗教信仰為名義的戰爭，包括中世紀持續數百年的多次Crusades（十字軍東征）；從哥倫布所謂「發現」新大陸起，歐洲人開始其數百年在美洲的掠奪和殺戮，尤其西班牙和葡萄牙的Conquistadors（征服者），都是左手拿着聖經，右口拿着劍，迫使原住民改信天主教，如不順從，他們當然毫不猶疑，以天父之名替天行道，消滅「邪惡異教徒」！近代美國的中東外交政策，支持以色列，多次攻打伊拉克、敘利亞和阿富汗等，殺害超過100萬伊斯蘭教徒，又與Crusade有多大分別？Al-Qaeda和ISIS等恐怖組織發動襲擊，當然是非常殘忍和必須阻止，但這是因還是果？

政治和經濟體制，作為一種值得去打仗的信仰是一個較新的事物，到了20世紀才出現。第二次世界大戰，可說是法西斯主義與較傳統帝國主義加一點自由主義之爭。另外當然就是資本主義與共產主義之爭，雖然幸而未有帶來世界大戰，但就出現過美蘇冷戰，和好幾次proxy wars（代理人戰），包括韓戰和越戰。現在似乎又逐漸出現美中冷戰（希望不加溫變熱）。

改變體制充滿不確定交易成本無法承受

今天無暇詳細分析不同體制的好壞，和如何可以透過科學和科技作出改變和改良，未來數周如有空可討論。但我要指出非常重要一點，就是理論上政治和經濟體制只應是一種工具（means），絕不應該被當作一個神聖的最終目的（end）。任何政治和經濟體制最基本目的，必須包括社會穩定、和平、人民生命和健康得到保障，加上經濟平穩增長，人民生活得以改善，和愈來愈重要的環保目標等。同時，政治和經濟體制絕非一門理論性科學，它最多只可算是一門應用技術（加點藝術）。所以不可對任何體制太過理想化，更不要以為可隨便拉倒重來。任何改變都充滿不確定性和風險，交易成本可以是無法承受的高。法國大革命後，社會動盪歷時近一世紀，其中包含多場革命、戰爭、經濟災難和無數人命犧牲。中國過去200年的歷史更坎坷，即使不計晚清的衰落，到了1911年，辛亥革命推翻了清皇朝，但絕未即時帶來社會穩定和人民溫飽，更似是多場新噩夢的開始。民國建立不久，即變成軍閥割據年代，未幾又到日本侵華。八年抗戰後不久，又墮入國共內戰，即使新中國建立後，旋即又被拖入韓戰，內部大型政治運動亦不停。整個中國，可說要等到鄧小平1977年復出，1978年走上改革開放之路，才終穩定下來。大動盪歷時超過60年！

到了今天，中國人民已得到基本溫飽，但當然仍有不少人生活並不富庶，中國確仍在發展中，所以更需要穩定。但即使只是正常的願望，只想繼續改善生活、發展經濟和科技，已嚴重挑動美國神經，被只具狹隘眼光的帝國主義者視為挑戰美國霸權。
近日美國不斷攻擊中國，且企圖挑撥離間人民和政府的感情。自稱是中國人民的「朋友」，不忍見他們被政府欺壓，活在水深火熱中！好一個自欺欺人的天大笑話。

美國人對聯邦政府滿意度僅38%

一周前，哈佛大學甘迺迪政府學院發表了一個有史以來最詳盡，歷時最久（2003至2016年，8次民調），覆蓋範圍最廣（沿岸城市和內地的32,000人受訪），針對人民對政府滿意度的深入民調。最主要發現是在2016年，中國人民對中央政府的滿意、加非常滿意的比例，升至95.5%的超高水平！其實高的滿意度也不意外，完全符合過去其他由外國學者如George Washington大學Bruce Dickson教授進行的較短期和小規模的民調結果。哈佛的研究同時發現人民對最下級地方政府的滿意度遠低於中央，非常滿意的只佔11%。此情况與美國剛相反，美國人對聯邦政府的滿意度只有38%，但對本地政府的滿意度則反而高達70%。此分別的主要原因應該是中國的中央政府權力非常大，更控制財政，地方政府則權力小兼且窮，但又有責任提供大量福利和服務，結果吃力不討好。美國的聯邦制，中央對內政權力有限，每個州分和城市的權力較大，且人民參與度較高，所以亦較滿意。

不少人當然質疑這研究結果，不願相信中國人民如此滿意中央政府表現，拒絕相信任何來自中國，與他們既定偏見不同的客觀科學數據。首先此報告出自哈佛，當然有相當高的權威性和可靠性，而哈佛亦當然並非一個討好取悅中國的機構，相反，哈佛曾培訓不少美國鷹派代表人物，包括Peter Navarro和Steve Bannon等。

有些人亦會認為中國人不敢講出真心話，所以數據不可信。當然這是有可能的，但領導這次民調的是具有豐富政治體制研究經驗的權威哈佛教授Anthony Saich，Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation主任。訪談是以保密面對面，不記名方式進行的，可信性頗高。如果大家有跟內地朋友傾談的經驗，就會知道私底下，他們都很樂意表達自己的政見，也非全為正面。
那麼為何滿意度如此高，且有愈來愈高的趨勢？我相信有5個主要原因：

1. 最重要當然是中國經濟持續發展。大部分中國人對過去貧窮的日子，記憶猶新，與現今相對豐足的生活有天淵之別，所以對中央政府的滿意是可以理解的。

2. 近年，除經濟進步外，其他方面，包括環保、醫療、教育和治安，以至文娛康樂等，亦有明顯改善和進步。即是已不止經濟上量的增長，人民的生活素質也在不斷進步。值得指出的是科技進步，包括高鐵、再生能源和尤其互聯網，智能手機和各種Apps的發展對此有極大貢獻。

3. 近年中國嚴厲執行反貪腐，頗有成效，最少地方層面的貪腐情况已大大減少。當然派系分歧和個別權金交易可能仍然存在，但對比20年前，已有所改善。雖然中國堅尼系數仍然過高（約0.47），貧富懸殊嚴重，但除差距外，亦要考慮全民生活水平不停上升。有一點非常重要，在中國，貧窮的定義已不再是絕對性的赤貧和飢餓，逐漸變成相對性的心理不爽，與西方類似。

4. 當然內地資訊有所限制，傳媒和教育都不停灌輸政治正確的文化和價值觀。人民未必照單全收，但潛移默化，必然有一定效果。我不完全認同此資訊策略，但眼見西方所謂自由傳媒，包括《紐約時報》、CNN、Fox，甚至彭博、CNBC和《金融時報》等金融媒體，全部都有既定立場，對中國的報道充滿偏見和錯誤！西方真的還有獨立、持平、客觀和理性，代表公義的媒體嗎？

5. 自從2008年金融海嘯起，中國人開始對西方經濟體制產生懷疑。近年隨着西方民粹主義崛起，瘋狂領袖如特朗普和約翰遜的冒起，帶來充滿憤怒、仇恨、愚昧、反科學的國家和種族主義政策，且非常針對中國，當然反令到中國人更愛國，民粹亦變得高昂。加上香港的動亂，和中國處理疫情較成功，亦令中國人更加團結。如哈佛再做民調，現在人民對中央政府的支持度，肯定比2016年的95.5%更高！

在雜誌訪問中，我提出一個觀點來解釋中國體制的穩定性。不少人認為如美國般的體制，有定期選舉，必然較穩定和具自我修復能力。即使特朗普太過瘋狂、無能和種族主義，下次選舉或將選上較溫和，較傳統路線的拜登。但問題沒這麼簡單，選舉人票制度漏洞仍然存在，隨時可選出另一個比特朗普更極端的人。况且西方政治兩極化情况非常嚴重，無論選出哪一邊，都只會極力討好支持他們的51%或更少的49%。請記得特朗普是輸了普選的，而他的政策更其實只對最富有的0.1%有利，他的base實在太蠢，懵然不知！這制度下的政策也不擔保具科學性和符合全人類和地球利益。過去半年美國採取漠視疫情政策，很可能符合民意，但完全反科學，更連累全球！政治兩極化亦令到很多包括氣候變化、醫療、教育和基建等政策，變得搖擺不定，結果一事無成。

政策不停修正中國制度較穩定

中國制度看似較不穩定，如政策錯誤太大，可導致社會動亂甚至崩潰。但可能正因如此，政府更需要密切觀察所有政策效果，和不停動態式修改政策和執行的方法，務求達到更佳效果。重大政策如基建，醫療，教育和巿場制度等，必須得到遠比只51%或49%的更大多數，最少七成至八成人民的支持，才會成功，才能確保社會穩定。

大家還記得物理和微積分嗎？一個物理系統可以有不同平衡狀態，穩定和不穩定（stable and unstable equilibrium），取決於Second derivative是正還是負數。一個圓球在山谷底處於穩定平衡狀態，如圓球是在山峰頂，就是不穩定的平衡。事實上所有政治體制都是某一程度上的unstable equilibrium。

但是否unstable equilibrium的系統就一定不能持久，很快就崩潰？當然不是，最新的隱形戰機，為了盡量減少雷達反射和增加靈活度，機身設計故意導致飛行不穩定，全靠電腦不斷微調引擎動力和機翼角度等，才可保持高速飛行時的平衡。

各大國須互相合作才可維持平衡

另一個更好的例子是核武出現後，全球倚賴MAD（Mutually Assured Destruction）的阻嚇作用來維持世界和平。理論上這是一個極度不穩定的平衡，世界末日，隨時一觸即發，對人類構成前所未有的威脅。但是反而MAD帶來了75年的大致和平，對比兩次世界大戰，相隔只有約20年，已大有進步。

如要繼續防止第三次世界大戰，單純倚賴MAD是不足夠的。美、中和其他核武和經濟大國，必須不斷作出外交、軍事、貿易、科技、醫療和經濟政策的自身動態微調，和更重要的互相合作和配合，才可繼續維持世界和平所倚賴的unstable equilibrium！

中環資產投資行政總裁

[譚新強中環新譚]

Tags: mutually assured destruction

Eddie Tam 譚新強

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這是中環資產投資管理基金創辦人、行政總裁兼投資總監譚新強先生的專頁?

mutually assured destruction 在 Eddie Tam 譚新強 Facebook 的精選貼文

By Eddie Tam 譚新強

2017-08-29 09:59:33 有 57 人按讚

如何避過中等收入和修昔底德雙重陷阱

近期我經常提到和平對中國發展和投資者的重要性。朝鮮半島局勢緊張，但一如所料，全球市場調整很淺，VIX仍徘徊在很低水平，港股更完全修復失地，恒指升越二萬八關口。領軍動力也如我預期，由騰訊（00700）轉到建行（00939）、工行（01398）及平保（02318）等金融股，反映大家對中國宏觀經濟的樂觀情緒。四大銀行股將於本周三公布業績，將是重要啟示。

最近國內以至國外有些人甚至認為打仗反而有助刺激經濟發展，股市或因國家主義高昂而抽升。早前中印在洞朗高原對峙（剛有好消息指情況緩和，兩邊開始撤兵），就曾經引發一輪軍工股炒作。

和平是經濟發展重要前設

渴望打仗來炒股的想法非常要不得，首先和平與生命是最寶貴的，非錢財能替代。另外，打仗對經濟和投資有利的理論也是錯誤的。Oxford Economics做過分析，過去50年的300多場大大小小戰亂，包括內戰和對外戰爭，絕大部分都先對短期經濟有不良影響，股市先下跌，才後有反彈。研究發現，毫不意外，經濟和股市下跌的幅度和調整時間，都跟戰爭的規模和時間長度有直接關係，即是說大規模和長時間的戰亂會導致長期經濟衰退和股市不振。

最佳的反面教材是我剛去完的俄羅斯。自2014年俄羅斯入侵烏黑蘭和重奪克里米亞後，跟歐盟的關係跌至冰點，遭受嚴重的經濟制裁，俄羅斯最依賴石油，油價不幸同時大跌。結果經濟大衰退，俄羅斯盧布從30盧布兌一美元，一度跌至80盧布以下，現在只反彈至58盧布。俄羅斯RTS指數從1400多點跌至現在的1000點出頭，年初至今已累跌了7.4%，近乎全球最差。3年後的今天，該國仍然面臨着經濟危機，年輕人失業率高達18%。

和平是中國發展最重要的前設。從1979年開始的改革開放年代，就是建立在中越戰爭後的和平局面上，這絕非偶然。現在中國又到了一個重要的轉接關頭，面對「中等收入陷阱」，若要成功渡過，便需在經濟轉型上加倍努力，包括去槓桿和發展高效率資本市場，從投資轉為消費拉動經濟，從低端製造改為創新科技，亦需要鼓勵生育，改善人口結構。自中國股市爆發股災後，宏觀和監管政策大有改善，終於走對了路，連外資大行如摩根士丹利、高盛等都看好中國10年後成為發達國家的機會。

然而，要非常小心在渡過「中等收入陷阱」途中，千萬不要掉進另一個陷阱──「修昔底德陷阱」（Thucydides Trap）。此名詞是由著名哈佛教授、肯迺迪政府學院創校院長Graham Allison所發明。連國家主席習近平都曾多次引用此名詞，否認此陷阱存在，但提醒各國如錯誤判斷就有可能跌入陷阱。習主席的首席經濟智囊劉鶴更是Allison教授的高足。

修昔底德是古希臘雅典的軍事歷史學家，記載和分析雅典的崛起，挑戰原先斯巴達的霸權，最後導致Peloponnesian War，戰爭長達30年，結果斯巴達結盟波斯，取得勝利，從此雅典開始走下坡，風光不再。

根據Allison教授的研究，歷史上出現過16次類似的霸權交替情況，結果12次發生戰爭。最差的例子包括二十世紀初的德國崛起，GDP到1900年已追上英國，到第一次世界大戰前已超越25%，結果奧匈帝國繼承人遭遇暗殺，變成大戰的導火線。三十年代日本在亞洲崛起，挑戰英美在太平洋地區的霸權，導致慘烈的第二次世界大戰。近年Allison教授最關心的問題當然是中美關係，今年出版的新書Destined for War︰Can America and China Escape Thucydides's Trap？，就是探討此重要問題。

四大方法防墮入陷阱

還未讀過此書，但近期不斷在思考同樣問題，所以想出幾個防止墮入此陷阱的方法。

（1）國際關係最基本還是人的交往，所以增加文化交流是非常重要的。雅禮協會（Yale-China Association）是一個好例子，已成立過百年，每年派數十英語教師到中國，亦有醫學、藝術和其他方面的文化和學術交流。黑石老闆蘇世民（Steve Schwarzman）也非常明白文化交流的重要性，所以捐出1億美元，成立了Schwarzman Scholarship（模仿Rhodes Scholarship），在清華成立了一家新學院，每年全球招生到中國進修一年碩士課程。

（2）在經濟和貿易層面上，中美都要釋出誠意，願意改變發展模式，從而減少矛盾。中國需要從依賴出口到美國，變成較多依靠內部消費和出口到其他發展中地區。美國則需要增加儲蓄率，減低消費對GDP比例，增加基建和企業投資，減少依賴進口貨和減少依賴外國投資者購買國債來支撐不斷增長的財赤。

（3）擁有核武確是一個有效阻嚇和避免大戰的方法。前蘇聯也曾經威脅美國霸權，古巴導彈危機一觸即發，到最後都能解決。問題是現在擁有核武的國家已增至10個，過去依賴的雙邊（Mutually Assured Destruction, MAD）原則，和核不擴散條約已過時不管用，需要新思維。中國早已宣布了「No First Use」（NFU），是有勇氣和正確的一步，但美國始終未答應NFU。有專家建議美國應同時宣布NFU和「Guaranteed Second Use」（GSU），以此擔保地區和平。我建議中國也可考慮宣布GSU，可能對控制朝鮮半島局勢有幫助。

打破能源瓶頸避免戰禍

（4）我希望科技發展能減低疆土和天然資源的重要性，這些都是過去很多戰爭的導火線。當再生能源和電動車發展得更成熟，依賴石化能源程度必大減。打破能源瓶頸後，加上自動化技術把生產效率提升，到時食物以至很多消費品都沒有短缺，那麼打仗的誘因便減少。

人類經歷了數千年戰爭帶來的災害（其實人類因暴力而死亡的比例已大幅下跌，改日再討論），我希望將繼續改善。從過去狹窄的種族和國家主義，提升至全球人道主義，共同努力解決地球暖化、疾病、貧富懸殊和恐怖主義等共同問題。

中國發展勢頭非常好，內部多種不平衡狀況都逐漸改善，如繼續下去，兩年後恒指升至40000點，根本不是什麼大難題，長遠可有更佳的表現。唯一可以阻礙這件好事的就是戰爭，不論大小，對手是誰，誰先出手，誰勝誰負，誰對誰錯，都極可能被西方利用為軍事報復、外交孤立和經濟制裁的藉口，投資者亦失去信心，停止把股市估值提升。

千萬不要被迷惑，相信戰爭對投資是好事，更不要以為和平是必然的，請記住墮入修昔底德陷阱的概率高達75%。其實要成功避過是需要共同努力、大智慧和一點運氣。

中環資產持有騰訊、建行、工行及平保的財務權益

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Mutual assured destruction (MAD) is a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two or more ... ... <看更多>

mutually assured destruction 在 What is mutual assured destruction? | Live Science 的相關結果

Mutual assured destruction refers to the concept that two superpowers are capable of annihilating each other with nuclear weapons, ... ... <看更多>

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In 1962, the concept of mutually assured destruction started to play a major part in the defence policy of the US. ... <看更多>

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Mutual assured destruction (MAD) is a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two or more ...

#2. What is mutual assured destruction? | Live Science

Mutual assured destruction refers to the concept that two superpowers are capable of annihilating each other with nuclear weapons, ...

#3. How did we forget about mutually assured destruction? - BBC

In 1962, the concept of mutually assured destruction started to play a major part in the defence policy of the US.

#4. Mutually Assured Destruction: When Not to Play - Farnam Street

Mutually assured destruction is a military mental model with powerful applications in life and business. It refers to a situation where two parties are in a ...

#5. What Is Mutually Assured Destruction? - ThoughtCo

Mutually Assured Destruction, or mutually assured deterrence (MAD), is a military theory that was developed to deter the use of nuclear ...

#6. Mutual assured destruction | Military Wiki | Fandom

Mutual assured destruction, or mutually assured destruction (MAD), is a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use ...

#7. Mutually Assured Destruction - TV Tropes

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) was the doctrine that nuclear weapons, if deployed against another nuclear power, should be deployed en masse with the ...

#8. Mutual assured destruction Definition & Meaning - Dictionary ...

Mutual assured destruction definition, a U.S. doctrine of reciprocal deterrence resting on the U.S. and Soviet Union each being able to inflict unacceptable ...

#9. The Dustbin of History: Mutual Assured Destruction - Foreign ...

Mutual assured destruction kept the two Cold War superpowers in check but offers little assurance to nations threatened by suicide ...

#10. Nuclear Superiority or Mutually Assured Deterrence - JSTOR

mutual deterrence based on assured destruction. However, some contin- ued to argue that MAD was merely a doctrine that should be challenged.

#11. Nuclear Deterrence - Atomic Archive

The superpowers would refrain from attacking each other because of the certainty of mutual assured destruction, better known as MAD. This theory is still a ...

#12. Mutually Assured Destruction: Nuclear Weapons: Boon or ...

The Doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction states that the impact of nuclear warfare is so devastating that it deters any country from using nuclear weapons.

#13. A New Paradigm: Mutually Assured Security - War on the Rocks

2021年7月20日 — Mutually assured destruction aims to deter nuclear attack by convincing a potential attacker that it will receive punishment out of ...

#14. Mutually Assured Destruction - The Decision Lab

Mutually assured destruction is based on the principle that if a particular weapon is used in an attack, the nation being attacked will be able to retaliate ...

#15. Experts once thought mutually assured destruction would ...

The notion of mutually assured destruction drove Cold War foreign policy, and led both the Soviet Union and the United States to spend ...

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Mutual assured destruction is a key deterrent against the use of the most powerful weapons. The threat of it successfully prevented the deployment of a nuclear ...

#17. Mutually Assured Destruction Revisited - DTIC

Mutually Assured. Destruction Revisited. Strategic Doctrine in Question. COL ALAN J. PARRINGTON, USAF. Today I can declare my hope and declare it from the.

#18. What's Mutual Assured Destruction? - People | HowStuffWorks

There are two defining characteristics of the doctrine of Mutual Assured Destruction. One, each side must have the nuclear capability to wipe ...

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#20. Why MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction) Is No Longer ... - FDD

Central to America's strategy in the Cold War was the principle of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). The idea was to make nuclear warfare ...

#21. Mutually assured destruction definition and meaning - Collins ...

Mutually assured destruction definition: mutual deterrence between countries possessing nuclear weapons , based on the capacity of.

#22. Mutual Assured Destruction and Cold War Culture - Oxford ...

In his article entitled 'Gentlemen: You are Mad!', Mumford said: 'We in America are living among madmen. Madmen govern our affairs in the name of order and ...

#23. Mutually Assured Destruction: Space Weapons, Orbital Debris ...

View Mutually Assured Destruction: Space Weapons, Orbital Debris, and the Deterrence Theory for Environmental Sustainability by Surya Gablin Gunasekara ...

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by the Johnson administration, nuclear Mutual Assured Destruction ... Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, an agreement based on MAD. American.

#25. Strategy: Mutual Assured Destruction - Cold War - Nuclear Files

This fact was officially accepted in a military doctrine known as Mutual Assured Destruction, a.k.a. MAD. Mutual Assured Destruction began to emerge at the ...

#26. Mutually assured destruction as a deterrent has destabilised

The Cold War logic of nuclear deterrence maintains that nuclear-armed states will not attack one another because of fear of massive retaliation, ...

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During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union engaged in nuclear deterrence as part of a larger strategic vision. Known as MAD or Mutually ...

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Modern technology threatens to upend mutually assured destruction. When an advanced missile called a hypersonic glide vehicle nears space, for ...

#30. Mutual Assured Destruction | Encyclopedia.com

Mutual assured destruction (MAD): A military strategy in which the threat of catastrophic damages by a nuclear counterstrike would deter any launch of a first- ...

#31. Mutually Assured Destruction | Issue 37 | Philosophy Now

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The phrase 'Mutually Assured Destruction' (MAD) is one of the most chilling of all the acronyms that came out of the Cold War.

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Beyond Mutually Assured Destruction. Cold-War-Era Nuclear Postures Are at the Core of the Missile Defense Dispute.

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This policy was known as Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). Khrushchev remembers: I remember President Kennedy once stated (…) that the United States had the ...

#35. Mutually Assured Destruction - ModelThinkers

MAD helped to drive the arms race where nations struggled to maintain their nuclear parity, often engaging through surrogates to avoid the devastation of a ...

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#37. Mutually Assured Destruction | Humanities - JAMA Network

Mutually Assured Destruction ... want on that button. ... from the inside out. ... flapping in the wind. ... they come. Section Editor: Charlene Breedlove, Associate ...

#38. MAD Mutually Assured Destruction: MacLean, Nancy

Mutually Assured Destruction (M.A.D.), by Authorlink Award Winner Nancy MacLean, is an artfully composed detective story set within a science fiction context.

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#40. Nuclear deterrence is a myth. And a lethal one at that - The ...

... threat of mutually assured destruction (MAD, appropriately enough). ... fighting a terribly destructive war, even a conventional one.

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mutually assured destruction. the idea that two powerful countries with large nuclear arsenals would destroy each other completely in any nuclear conflict.

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MAD a strategic situation in which both sides possess the ability to inflict unacceptable damage upon the opponent at any time during the course of a ...

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Mutually assured destruction — or MAD, as it's commonly known — is when each side in a nuclear standoff knows that the other could destroy it if ...

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The phrase mutually assured destruction thereby implies that both parties assumed the ability to strike and destroy the other. A catastrophic eventuality if it ...

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Journalist and attorney Geraldo Rivera says " mutually assured destruction " is what nuclear warfare is all about. Mr Rivera spoke to Sky News ...

#56. In the Shadow of MAD - Air Force Magazine

Brennan then prefaced “Assured Destruction” with “Mutual” and renamed the strategy with an irresistible acronym–MAD. The idea that the US and the Soviet Union ...

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#58. The Math Is Bad for MAD | RealClearDefense

America's current nuclear deterrent is based on the 1960s Cold-War relic known as MAD (Mutual Assured Destruction), which assumed the U.S. ...

#59. mutually assured destruction - Wiktionary

EnglishEdit. NounEdit · mutually assured destruction (uncountable). Alternative form of mutual assured destruction.

#60. Nuclear Deterrent | NATO & Warsaw Pacts | Schools & Colleges

Mutually Assured destruction (MAD) was the idea whereby to launch a nuclear attack against another nuclear-armed power would result in the annihilation of ...

#61. NATO Must Get MAD at Russia - Project Syndicate

MAD may have seemed obsolete after the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, but Putin's recent nuclear threats have raised troubling questions that ...

#62. Mutually Assured Destruction, in Cyberspace? - Secplicity

“Mutually assured destruction” is a concept that came into prominence during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union ...

#63. Mutual Assured Production | Foreign Affairs

... a nuclear war because of the assumption of “mutual assured destruction”: each knew that any such conflict would mean the obliteration of both countries.

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Until the 1980s the concept of mutual assured destruction (MAD) was looked upon largely as a model of Soviet-American relations.

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This lesson is about nuclear proliferation. The role play has students examine mutually assured destruction. As the US or Soviet Union, they must predict ...

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Define mutual-assured-destruction. Mutual-assured-destruction as a noun means (politics, public policy, military) The threat of massive retaliation using ...

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Addiction to fossil fuels is mutually assured destruction. We need to fix the broken global energy mix. Instead of hitting the brakes on the decarbonization of ...

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A New Mutually Assured Destruction. Deterrence is different this time around. By. Phillip Orchard. -. November 15, 2021.

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During the Cold War, the U.S.-Russian strategic relationship was partly based on the well-known concept of M.A.D.: mutually assured destruction.

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Mutually Assured Destruction ... The Titan Missile facility in Arizona, operational from 1963 to 1982, was built to house the largest and most powerful nuclear ...

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Nuclear weapons have, since their inception, been a paradox: the mightiest of weapons that we dare never use. The nature of this paradox was ...

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Mutually assured destruction may have seemed like an obsolete idea after the Soviet Union collapsed, but Russian President Vladimir Putin's ...

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Jason Silvey的歌曲「Mutually Assured Destruction」在這裡，快打開KKBOX 盡情收聽。

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Mutually assured destruction (MAD) is both a fascinating and terrifying topic to explore. In this lesson, teachers are provided with MAD-related...

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2 For clarity, MAD proposed that since nuclear weapons were so destructive, their use must be prevented at all costs. Therefore, planners ...

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At the height of the Cold War with the Soviet Union, the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) kept the two sides from taking the ...

#95. Fertilization: monogamy by mutually assured destruction

The fusion of Chlamydomonas gamete membranes leads to rapid degradation of FUS1 and HAP2, proteins required for gamete fusion. This provides a mechanism to ...

#96. Mutually Assured Destruction? Data Nationalism Picks Up

Mutually Assured Destruction? Data Nationalism Picks Up. When. March 8, 2022. Where. Live Webinar via Zoom. This program is sponsored by the MSBA Tech Law ...

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