關於 indirect speech ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

#攬炒吧

句英文，用indirect speech，係咪 she said she is getting hot in the hills? 🤪🤪🤪

#yogapants都玩？
#yogapantsbeingchallenged
#hongkonghot
#香港熱

2０２０年的語言演變
　
社會動盪、全球的緊張局勢持續升級，身為讀者與消費者的我們在面臨不斷湧入的資訊時，必須意識到那些在宣傳（propaganda）中刻意含糊其詞（intentional ambiguity）的情況日益加劇。
　
在政治場域裡，我們看到「雙言巧語」（doublespeak）正在增加，這種語言刻意掩蓋、扭曲或顛倒語意。喬治・歐威爾（George Orwell，1903－1950）於其名著《１９８４》中以「新語」（Newspeak）和「雙重思想」（doublethink）說明此一詞彙。 新語雖遵循著英文語法，但詞彙量卻不斷減少，原本複雜而完整的詞意不斷被簡化為既定觀點的詞語（loaded words）。社群網站的興起，助長了媒體與政治人物對「雙言巧語」的使用。例如，在政治語境中，先制的空中打擊（preemptive airstrikes）可被稱為「降溫策略」（de-escalation tactics），以為和平鋪路。又比如，有些針對特定種族的集中營（internment camps）被稱為教育與訓練中心（vocational education and training centers）。
　
歐威爾還創造了「雙重思想」一詞，意指受試者被迫接受兩種自相矛盾的信念是正確的。該意識形態的三個核心教義為——「戰爭即和平」（war is peace）、「自由即奴役」（freedom is slavery）以及「無知即力量」（ignorance is strength）。這些教條是否讓你聯想到世上那些極權政府（totalitarian regimes）的宣傳？
　
由於嚴厲的審查制度，以及相關法規的懲處機制，人們不斷發明新的詞彙來躲避演算法的審查，並以間接言語行為（indirect speech act）來表達自身觀點。在中國最廣為人知的諧音詞 (homophone) 就是——「河蟹」。「河蟹」是對中國前國家主席胡錦濤「和諧社會」倡議的一種嘲諷。該倡議試圖打壓異議，而「河蟹」的語音則近於「和諧」。起初，網民嘲諷政府的審查員藉由刪除貼文來「和諧」網路上的異議人士。最終，「被和諧」一詞遂演變為「被河蟹」，以規避政府的審查，並被許多中國的網路社群廣泛使用。
　
如今，以此類方式來規避審查 (evade censorship) 已變得更為普遍。按美國實驗心理學家、認知科學家兼科普作家史迪芬・平克（Steven Arthur Pinker）於２００８年所指出者，間接言語行為係指人們未明確表達自身觀點，反而將其意圖隱藏在字面意義之下。在間接言語行為的脈絡中，唯有說話者才能確定其意涵（individual knowledge），而他人則須依靠前後文來仔細推敲。但若單就字面意思 (literal meaning) 來看，每個人都能輕易地理解該詞意涵（mutual knowledge）。例如，在極權政府治下，於網路上公開批評政府對公衛危機的處理不當，將引來相關法律的制裁，因為可能會被人舉報。但也可藉由讚揚「政府的行動非常有效，連死者都要感謝政府的辛勤付出」來間接表達自己的不滿。這種誇張的說法顯然與事實不符，但只有說話者知曉個中意涵，而他人只能自行揣測，這為說話者提供了一定程度的保障。因此，隨著審查制度的擴大，間接言語行為亦將蓬勃發展，以滿足自由交流與表達自身觀點的需求。
　
身為網路公民的我們能做些什麼？對宣傳中那些試圖掩蓋並扭曲真相的語言，保持警覺；持續創造新的表達方式，來規避那些箝制思想與言論自由的審查；提醒自己進行批判性思考，以辨識邏輯謬誤並做出明智的決定。
　
參考資料：

Huaxia. (2019, August 16). Full Text: Vocational Education and Training in Xinjiang. Retrieved July 04, 2020, from http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-08/16/c_138313359.htm

McManus, D. (2020, January 05). Column: Trump's Orwellian doublespeak on Iran. Retrieved July 04, 2020, from https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2020-01-05/column-trumps-orwellian-double-speak-on-iran

Minin-White, D. (2017). Political Speech, Doublespeak, And Critical-Thinking Skills In American Education.

Monitor, I. (2018, June 21). The Chinese Language as a Weapon: How China's Netizens Fight Censorship. Retrieved July 04, 2020, from https://medium.com/berkman-klein-center/the-chinese-language-as-a-weapon-how-chinas-netizens-fight-censorship-8389516ed1a6

Orwell, George (2008). 1984. Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-14-103614-4.

Pinker, S., Nowak, M. A., & Lee, J. J. (2008). The logic of indirect speech. Proceedings of the National Academy of sciences, 105(3), 833-838.

圖片出處：https://www.tumblr.com/tagged/ingsoc

★★★★★★★★★★★★

什麼是模糊性（ambiguity），為什麼學生需要它？
https://bit.ly/31I6B9T

20191104 Stan Speech：【Wangdao & Leadership】
YouTube Link ：https://youtu.be/E_MW6-fsEN8

施先生Stan哥今日應邀赴台師大為來自友邦的官員以【談王道&領導】為題演講。他在演講中除了介紹王道的思維外，也將他所提出的六面向價值、微笑曲線、新微笑曲線及他一路走來的創業思維及座右銘與友邦分享…

According to Mr. Shih, Wangdao is about leadership in organizations large and small, and based on the three core concepts: value creation, the balance of interests, and sustainable development. It also calls for leaders to pay equal attention to the “six-aspect values,” which are: the visible values of tangible, direct, present; and the invisible values of intangible, indirect and future.

Six aspects of Wangdao

In order to practice Wangdao, leaders have to consider first what values he could create for the society. As has been mentioned above, the importance of the organization lies in creating social values. However, if we look at the value only from the direct, the tangible and the being perspectives, we could be prone to blind spots.

Hence I put forward 6 aspects to create social values in the process of practicing Wangdao. Leaders are suggested to take the following 6 aspects into consideration when creating social values, namely “the direct”, “the indirect”, “the tangible”, “the intangible”, “the being” and “the future”. Leaders should not only consider creating the direct, the tangible values at the time being, but they should take values of the indirect, the intangible and the future into account.

To creation values via innovation

There are two important cores for Wangdao: to create social values and to balance the interest of stakeholders. And my motto is “to challenge difficulties, to break through bottlenecks and to create value.” Whenever I get to the bottleneck which impedes the realization of social values, I always take breaking it through as my determined aim. It is of course a thorny job for a leader, otherwise it does not possibly fall upon me to make a decision. I hold that as soon as I overcome the bottleneck, I will create values.

And in order to create values, we have to be innovative. As for innovation, I summarize three important factors, i.e. value, creative ideas and efforts to work on the ideas. First, whether values can be created is the guiding principle to any innovation; second, creative ideas should create additional values since there is not any additional value for the old; and finally, the creative ideas should be workable to create values.