(✪‿✪)ノ排程中晝發文 #國際法法理建國 Q&A
Q51:陳儀接管控制台灣時,舉辦選舉,這是不是指聯合國憲章12章77條(子)的委任統治?
A51:
聯合國憲章第 77 條的「委任統治地」指的是「國際聯盟」制度下的委任統治地。聯合國安理會通過決議依據聯合國的託管制度來處理國際聯盟的委任統治地。
在「國際聯盟」時原本由日本負責管理的委任統治地 (mandate) 後來轉為「聯合國」託管制度下的託管地,而且由美國擔任託管國。
換句話說,聯合國的託管制度 (trusteeship) 取代了原本國際聯盟的委任統治制度 (mandate)。
國際聯盟是一戰後成立的國際組織(1920.1
10成立~1946.4.20 解散);聯合國是二戰後成立的國際組織(聯合國 1945.10.24 成立至今)。
國際聯盟建立委任統治制度 (Mandate System) 來處理部分自一戰戰敗國切離的領土,聯合國使用託管制度 (Trusteeship System) 來處理聯合國憲章第 77 條提到的地方,裡面包括依照國際聯盟委任統治制度處理的原一戰戰敗國領土。
被軍事佔領代管的台澎則是軍事佔領下,因為多國聯盟的關係,所以由其中一個代表全體成員進行佔領的狀態,不是「委任統治地」。
詳見盟總時期說明:
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BD%94%E9%A0%98%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC
盟總時期說明中的「同盟國分區軍事佔領示意圖」中2️⃣的部分,才是在《一般命令第一號》a提到的,台澎與南沙群島交由中華民國作軍事佔領代管。
盟總時期說明中的「同盟國分區軍事佔領示意圖」中7️⃣的部分,在《一般命令第一號》d提到的「委任統治各島」後來轉為「聯合國託管地」。
而《舊金山和約》 領土章節第 2 條d 款提到的地方才是聯合國憲章第 77 條指的部分,與台澎領土主權無關。
與台澎有關的只有《舊金山和約》領土章節第2條b款: “Japan renounces all right, title and claim to Formosa and the Pescadores.”
盟軍代管機構在佔領地舉辦選舉只是「非主權擁有者」在自己所治理,但沒有領土主權的地方舉辦選舉而已,並不會讓中華民國因此取得台澎領土主權,也不會讓台澎人喪失行使住民自決權。
中華民國政權治理台澎的法律上根據就是 1945 年在《一般命令第一號》中的分區受降、佔領代管安排。所以中華民國政權絕對不是非法治理台澎。當然,身為佔領代管者的中華民國政權有他必須要遵守的規範,但無論它在治理手段上有什麼違反國際法的行為,都不會使盟軍當年給予的占領代管授權失去法律上效力。中華民國政權僭越占領代管者權限所做出的行為,跟他是否具備治理台澎的合法權限是兩回事,更和盟軍的分區佔領授權是否仍繼續存在、有效的判斷無關。
就好比一家公司的董事會依照程序規定任命某人擔任總經理,假設這個人利用擔任總經理的機會虧空公款,這也只是讓這個人必須因此負起詐欺罪、背信罪的責任,並不會讓他立即喪失總經理的資格,除非他自己辭去總經理職務,或董事會決議將他解職,否則他仍舊會是這家公司的總經理。
#Reference
《一般命令第一號》
a. “The senior Japanese commanders and all ground, sea, air and auxiliary forces within China (excluding Manchuria), Formosa and French Indo-China north of 16 north latitude shall surrender to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek.”
「甲、在中國(滿洲除外)、台灣及北緯十六度以北之法屬印度支那境內的日軍高階司令官及所有陸、海、空軍及輔助部隊應向蔣介石大元帥投降。」
d. “The senior Japanese commanders and all ground, sea, air and auxiliary forces in the Japanese Mandated Islands, Ryukyus, Bonins, and other Pacific Islands shall surrender to the Commander in Chief U. S. Pacific Fleet.”
「丁、在日本委任統治各島、琉球群島、小笠原群島及其他太平洋島嶼之日軍高階司令官及所有陸、海、空軍及輔助部隊應向美國太平洋艦隊總司令投降。」
—————
《舊金山和約》Chapter II. Territory -Article2
(b) “Japan renounces all right, title and claim to Formosa and the Pescadores.”
「日本放棄對台澎所具有的權利名義(title),相關的一切權利(right),及一切的主張請求(claim)。」(title 是 right 的基礎,right 是 claim 的 基礎)
(d) :”Japan renounces all right, title and claim in connection with the League of Nations Mandate System, and accepts the action of the United Nations Security Council of April 2, 1947, extending the trusteeship system to the Pacific Islands formerly under mandate to Japan.”
「日本政府放棄國際聯盟委任統治相關的一切權利、權利名義與要求,同時接受聯合國安全理事會於1947年4月2日所採取有關日本前述太平洋島嶼委任統治地之託管統治安排。」
(關鍵字搜尋🔍國際法法理建國,敬請期待明天的問與答)
👉🏻Apple podcast 推薦:https://reurl.cc/a5qZjQ
👉🏻推薦聖峰從歷史事實、國際法及國際慣例分析「台澎主權屬於日本(日屬)」及「台灣目前正由美國佔領(美佔)」之主張是否正確。
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1g6xGs7JUi3WwTjTlv7EPSGPXl2vg6irV/view?usp=sharing
同時也有1部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過0的網紅CarDebuts,也在其Youtube影片中提到,Nissan will unveil two new fully customized vehicles at the Tokyo Motor Show to improve city mobility: the new Paramedic Concept and the all-electric ...
「auxiliary view」的推薦目錄:
auxiliary view 在 CarDebuts Youtube 的最讚貼文
Nissan will unveil two new fully customized vehicles at the Tokyo Motor Show to improve city mobility: the new Paramedic Concept and the all-electric e-NV200 Fridge Concept.
Packed with new technologies and features, the new Paramedic Concept will be Nissan's fifth-generation ambulance and builds on the success of the previous versions, which are sold exclusively in Japan. The next-generation ambulance is based on Nissan's NV350 Caravan, providing better comfort for the patient and a better work environment for paramedics and drivers.
The company will also lift the lid on its solution to urban delivery challenges and launch a modified, all-electric Nissan e-NV200 Fridge Concept.
The Fridge Concept's compact size will make it easier to park in urban environments, where large delivery trucks are often prevented from stopping. Equipped with an additional battery pack in the cargo space to power a refrigeration unit, the Nissan e-Fridge will be able to store chilled foods.
"Our fifth-generation ambulance will offer enhanced features that will make a real difference to people's lives," said Ashwani Gupta, senior vice president of the Renault-Nissan LCV Business Unit. "The new Paramedic Concept contains vital life-saving equipment to respond to emergencies, often in remote areas.
"Meanwhile, the e-NV200 Fridge Concept will create huge value for commercial users – generating more business, as well as reducing the cost of ownership. With zero emissions, it'll be perfect for busy urban environments where larger vehicles are often prohibited."
Other unique elements packed into the new ambulance include Nissan's industry-leading Intelligent Around View Monitor and technology to reduce the spread of germs.
The ambulance also carries a lithium-ion auxiliary battery that supports life-saving medical equipment when patients are in remote areas or in need of emergency assistance. It also contributes to CO2 reduction, as well as external and internal noise reduction.
Nissan plans to start sales of the ambulance in Japan in fiscal year 2018 and aims to double annual sales of the ambulance compared with the previous model.
Also featured at the Tokyo Motor Show will be the NV350 Caravan, which was launched in Japan in the summer.
Intelligent Emergency Braking, Vehicle Dynamic Control with traction control system functions and Hill Start Assist, previously available only on some two-wheel-drive van grades, are now standard on all NV350 Caravan van models. In addition, Intelligent Around View Monitor has been installed for the first time in vehicles of this class in Japan.
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