關於 aspect of the end ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

TỪ VỰNG IELTS CHỦ ĐỀ ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
- help eradicate war, disease & poverty: giúp xóa bỏ chiến tranh, bệnh tật và nghèo đói
- help us make better diagnoses: giúp chúng ta chẩn đoán tốt hơn
- find new ways to cure cancer: tìm cách mới để chữa ung thư
- be a huge benefit to society: là một lợi ích to lớn cho xã hội
- enhance our efficiency: nâng cao hiệu quả làm việc của chúng ta
- do tedious tasks → allow us to do the more interpersonal and creative aspect of work: thực hiện các nhiệm vụ tẻ nhạt → cho phép chúng ta thực hiện công việc thuộc các khía cạnh cá nhân và sáng tạo hơn
- mundane tasks (answering emails) → will be done by intelligent assistants: những nhiệm vụ nhàm chán, mang tính lặp đi lặp lại (trả lời email) → sẽ được thực hiện bởi các trợ lý thông minh
- smart homes → reduce energy usage + provide better security: nhà thông minh → giảm sử dụng năng lượng + cung cấp bảo mật tốt hơn
- get better health care: có được chăm sóc sức khỏe tốt hơn
- be capable of performing tasks → would once have required intensive human labour: có khả năng thực hiện các nhiệm vụ → đã từng đòi hỏi nhiều sức người
- perform complex functions (facial recognition): thực hiện các chức năng phức tạp (nhận dạng khuôn mặt)
- perform intensive human labour & backbreaking tasks: thực hiện công việc chuyên sâu của con người và các công việc nặng nhọc
- reduce the workload of humans: giảm khối lượng công việc của con người
- make more precise predictions about extreme events: đưa ra dự đoán chính xác hơn về các sự kiện khắc nghiệt
- observe & analyse increasing complex climate data: quan sát và phân tích dữ liệu khí hậu ngày càng phức tạp
- have an increased understanding of the effects and reasons for climate change: hiểu biết nhiều hơn về tác động và lý do của biến đổi khí hậu
- cause great harm: gây tác hại lớn
- become a threat to human survival: trở thành mối đe dọa cho sự sống còn của con người
- unlikely to exhibit human emotions (love or hate): không thể biểu lộ cảm xúc của con người (yêu hay ghét)
- might become a risk: có thể trở thành một sự rủi ro
- be programmed to do s.th devastating: được lập trình để làm những công việc mang tính tàn phá
- autonomous weapons → are programmed to kill: vũ khí tự trị → được lập trình để tiêu diệt
- in the hands of … → cause mass casualties: vào tay của … → gây thương vong hàng loạt
- an AI arms race/ an AI war: một cuộc chạy đua vũ trang AI/ một cuộc chiến AI
- have the potential to become more intelligent than any human: có tiềm năng trở nên thông minh hơn bất kỳ con người nào
- have no surefire way of predicting how it will behave: không có cách nào chắc chắn để dự đoán nó sẽ hành xử như thế nào
- be a threat to our existence: là mối đe dọa cho sự tồn tại của chúng ta
- result in massive harm: dẫn đến tác hại lớn
- get hacked: bị hack
- track and analyse an individual’s every move online: theo dõi và phân tích mọi hành động của một cá nhân trên mạng
- be used for dangerous & malicious purposes: bị sử dụng cho mục đích nguy hiểm và độc hại
- create untended & unforeseen consequences: tạo ra những hậu quả không lường trước được
- be the end of humanity: là sự kết thúc của nhân loại
- take over the planet completely & permanently: chiếm đoạt hành tinh hoàn toàn & vĩnh viễn
- be abused by terrorist groups: bị lạm dụng bởi các nhóm khủng bố
- the misuse of AI: sự lạm dụng AI
https://ielts-nguyenhuyen.com/tu-vung-ielts-chu-de-artificial-intelligence/

【企業工作坊 X 題目介紹｜原相科技】
#2021梅竹黑客松開放報名
想參加黑客松卻怕自己經驗不足嗎？
覺得計畫都被疫情打亂，少了很多參與機會嗎？
你的擔心我們都知道，因此梅竹黑客松在賽前設有多個線上企業工作坊，由出題企業提供實作範例與教學！

原相科技為全球 CMOS 影像感測器應用 IC 的領導供應商之一，專注於 CIS、電容觸控及其他影像之感測應用的 IC 設計、研發、生產與銷售，近年來，更致力於人機互動介面開發，並獲得許多正面回饋。

這麼難得的活動還在等什麼？快點找夥伴一起來參加吧🏃‍♂️

📍 原相科技的題目如下：
▌Topic
Intelligent sensing solutions for smart home applications

▌說明
The Internet of Things (IoT), smart homes, smart phones, wearables - consumer electronics have permeated every aspect of human life. By leveraging PixArt’s sensor solutions, we can make more devices smarter and create new ones that add significant value to the end user. Our mission is provide a more comfortable life at home.

📍 原相科技賽前工作坊資訊
▌時間：10/16（六）8:50-11:30
▌地點：線上軟體 Discord
▌流程：
08:50-09:00 報到
09:00-09:20 企業介紹
09:20-09:25 休息
09:25-09:45 環境建置
09:45-10:00 題目說明
10:00-11:30 實作技術教學、範例實作

🔥 立即報名梅竹黑客松及賽前工作坊吧！
➡ https://signup.meichuhackathon.org/
（建議使用電腦瀏覽網站）
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〔合作企業〕 台灣美光、原相科技、Supermicro、104資訊科技、LINE
〔贊助企業〕 國泰金控、羅技電子、NXP、奧義智慧科技、Garena、KKbox、Oracle、趨勢科技、Google、SHOPLINE

這是前些日子爆出已經被加拿大法院接理對藏傳佛教噶舉派法王的訟訴。（加拿大法院鏈接在此：https://www.bccourts.ca/jdb-txt/sc/21/09/2021BCSC0939cor1.htm?fbclid=IwAR2FLZlzmUIGTBaTuKPVchEqqngcE3Qy6G_C0TWNWVKa2ksbIYkVJVMQ8f8）

這位法王的桃色事件，我是幾年前才聽到。但，藏傳佛教的高層有這些性醜聞，我已經聽了幾十年。我以前的一位前女友也被一些堪布藉故上她的家摟抱過，也有一些活佛跟她表白。（這不只是她，其他地方我也聽過不少）

這是一個藏傳佛教裡面系統式的問題。

很多時候發生這種事情，信徒和教主往往都是說女方得不到寵而報仇，或者說她們也精神病，或者說她們撒謊。

我不排除有這種可能性，但，多過一位，甚至多位出來指證的時候，我是傾向於相信『沒有那麼巧這麼多有精神病的女人要撒謊來報仇』。

大寶法王的桃色事件，最先吹哨的是一位台灣的在家信徒，第二位是香港的女出家人，現在加拿大又多一位公開舉報上法庭。

對大寶法王信徒來說，這一次的比較麻煩，因為是有孩子的。（關於有孩子的，我早在法王的桃色事件曝光時，就有聽聞）

如果法庭勒令要驗證DNA，這對法王和他的信徒來說，會很尷尬和矛盾，因為做或不做，都死。

你若問我，我覺得『人數是有力量的』，同時我也覺得之後有更多的人站出來，是不出奇的。

我也藉此呼籲各方佛教徒，如果你們真的愛佛教，先別說批判，但如鴕鳥般不討論這些爭議，你是間接害了佛教。

（下面是我從加拿大法院鏈接拷貝下來的內容，當中有很多細節。）

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND

ANALYSIS

A. The Spousal Support Claim in this Case

B. The Test to Amend Pleadings

C. Pleadings in Family Law Cases

D. The Legal Concept of a Marriage-Like Relationship

E. Is There a Reasonable Claim of a Marriage-Like Relationship?

F. Delay / Prejudice

CONCLUSION



INTRODUCTION
[1] The claimant applies to amend her notice of family claim to seek spousal support. At issue is whether the claimant’s allegations give rise to a reasonable claim she lived with the respondent in a marriage-like relationship, so as to give rise to a potential entitlement to spousal support under the Family Law Act, S.B.C. 2011, c. 25 (“FLA”).

[2] The facts alleged by the claimant do not fit within a traditional concept of marriage. The claimant does not allege that she and the respondent ever lived together. Indeed, she has only met the respondent in person four times: twice very briefly in a public setting; a third time in private, when she alleges the respondent sexually assaulted her; and a fourth and final occasion, when she informed the respondent she was pregnant with his child.

[3] The claimant’s case is that what began as a non-consensual sexual encounter evolved into a loving and affectionate relationship. That relationship occurred almost entirely over private text messages. The parties rarely spoke on the telephone, and never saw one another during the relationship, even over video. The claimant says they could not be together because the respondent is forbidden by his station and religious beliefs from intimate relationships or marriage. Nonetheless, she alleges, they formed a marriage-like relationship that lasted from January 2018 to January 2019.

[4] The respondent denies any romantic relationship with the claimant. While he acknowledges providing emotional and financial support to the claimant, he says it was for the benefit of the child the claimant told him was his daughter.

[5] The claimant’s proposed amendment raises a novel question: can a secret relationship that began on-line and never moved into the physical world be like a marriage? In my view, that question should be answered by a trial judge after hearing all of the evidence. The alleged facts give rise to a reasonable claim the claimant lived with the respondent in a marriage-like relationship. Accordingly, I grant the claimant leave to amend her notice of family claim.

BACKGROUND
[6] It should be emphasized that this is an application to amend pleadings only. The allegations by the claimant are presumed to be true for the purposes of this application. Those allegations have not been tested in a court of law.

[7] The respondent, Ogyen Trinley Dorje, is a high lama of the Karma Kagyu School of Tibetan Buddhism. He has been recognized and enthroned as His Holiness, the 17th Gyalwang Karmapa. Without meaning any disrespect, I will refer to him as Mr. Dorje in these reasons for judgment.

[8] Mr. Dorje leads a monastic and nomadic lifestyle. His true home is Tibet, but he currently resides in India. He receives followers from around the world at the Gyuto Monetary in India. He also travels the world teaching Tibetan Buddhist Dharma and hosting pujas, ceremonies at which Buddhists express their gratitude and devotion to the Buddha.

[9] The claimant, Vikki Hui Xin Han, is a former nun of Tibetan Buddhism. Ms. Han first encountered Mr. Dorje briefly at a large puja in 2014. The experience of the puja convinced Ms. Han she wanted to become a Buddhist nun. She met briefly with Mr. Dorje, in accordance with Kagyu traditions, to obtain his approval to become a nun.

[10] In October 2016, Ms. Han began a three-year, three-month meditation retreat at a monastery in New York State. Her objective was to learn the practices and teachings of the Kagyu Lineage. Mr. Dorje was present at the retreat twice during the time Ms. Han was at the monastery.

[11] Ms. Han alleges that on October 14, 2017, Mr. Dorje sexually assaulted her in her room at the monastery. She alleges that she became pregnant from the assault.

[12] After she learned that she was pregnant, Ms. Han requested a private audience with Mr. Dorje. In November 2017, in the presence of his bodyguards, Ms. Han informed Mr. Dorje she was pregnant with his child. Mr. Dorje initially denied responsibility; however, he provided Ms. Han with his email address and a cellphone number, and, according to Ms. Han, said he would “prepare some money” for her.

[13] Ms. Han abandoned her plan to become a nun, left the retreat and returned to Canada. She never saw Mr. Dorje again.

[14] After Ms. Han returned to Canada, she and Mr. Dorje began a regular communication over an instant messaging app called Line. They also exchanged emails and occasionally spoke on the telephone.

[15] The parties appear to have expressed care and affection for one another in these communications. I say “appear to” because it is difficult to fully understand the meaning and intentions of another person from brief text messages, especially those originally written in a different language. The parties wrote in a private shorthand, sharing jokes, emojis, cartoon portraits and “hugs” or “kisses”. Ms. Han was the more expressive of the two, writing more frequently and in longer messages. Mr. Dorje generally participated in response to questions or prompting from Ms. Han, sometimes in single word messages.

[16] Ms. Han deposes that she believed Mr. Dorje was in love with her and that, by January 2018, she and Mr. Dorje were living in a “conjugal relationship”.

[17] During their communications, Ms. Han expressed concern that her child would be “illegitimate”. She appears to have asked Mr. Dorje to marry her, and he appears to have responded that he was “not ready”.

[18] Throughout 2018, Mr. Dorje transferred funds in various denominations to Ms. Han through various third parties. Ms. Han deposes that these funds were:

a) $50,000 CDN to deliver the child and for postpartum care she was to receive at a facility in Seattle;

b) $300,000 CDN for the first year of the child’s life;

c) $20,000 USD for a wedding ring, because Ms. Han wrote “Even if we cannot get married, you must buy me a wedding ring”;

d) $400,000 USD to purchase a home for the mother and child.

[19] On June 19, 2018, Ms. Han gave birth to a daughter in Richmond, B.C.

[20] On September 17, 2018, Mr. Dorje wrote, ”Taking care of her and you are my duty for life”.

[21] Ms. Han’s expectation was that the parties would live together in the future. She says they planned to live together. Those plans evolved over time. Initially they involved purchasing a property in Toronto, so that Mr. Dorje could visit when he was in New York. They also discussed purchasing property in Calgary or renting a home in Vancouver for that purpose. Ms. Han eventually purchased a condominium in Richmond using funds provided by Mr. Dorje.

[22] Ms. Han deposes that the parties made plans for Mr. Dorje to visit her and meet the child in Richmond. In October 2018, however, Mr. Dorje wrote that he needed to “disappear” to Europe. He wrote:

I will definitely find a way to meet her

And you

Remember to take care of yourself if something happens

[23] The final plan the parties discussed, according to Ms. Han, was that Mr. Dorje would sponsor Ms. Han and the child to immigrate to the United States and live at the Kagyu retreat centre in New York State.

[24] In January 2019, Ms. Han lost contact with Mr. Dorje.

[25] Ms. Han commenced this family law case on July 17, 2019, seeking child support, a declaration of parentage and a parentage test. She did not seek spousal support.

[26] Ms. Han first proposed a claim for spousal support in October 2020 after a change in her counsel. Following an exchange of correspondence concerning an application for leave to amend the notice of family claim, Ms. Han’s counsel wrote that Ms. Han would not be advancing a spousal support claim. On March 16, 2020, counsel reversed course, and advised that Ms. Han had instructed him to proceed with the application.

[27] When this application came on before me, the trial was set to commence on June 7, 2021. The parties were still in the process of discoveries and obtaining translations for hundreds of pages of documents in Chinese characters.

[28] At a trial management conference on May 6, 2021, noting the parties were not ready to proceed, Madam Justice Walkem adjourned the trial to April 11, 2022.

ANALYSIS
A. The Spousal Support Claim in this Case
[29] To claim spousal support in this case, Ms. Han must plead that she lived with Mr. Dorje in a marriage-like relationship. This is because only “spouses” are entitled to spousal support, and s. 3 of the Family Law Act defines a spouse as a person who is married or has lived with another person in a marriage-like relationship:

3 (1) A person is a spouse for the purposes of this Act if the person

(a) is married to another person, or

(b) has lived with another person in a marriage-like relationship, and

(i) has done so for a continuous period of at least 2 years, or

(ii) except in Parts 5 [Property Division] and 6 [Pension Division], has a child with the other person.

[30] Because she alleges she has a child with Mr. Dorje, Ms. Han need not allege that the relationship endured for a continuous period of two years to claim spousal support; but she must allege that she lived in a marriage-like relationship with him at some point in time. Accordingly, she must amend the notice of family claim.

B. The Test to Amend Pleadings
[31] Given that the notice of trial has been served, Ms. Han requires leave of the court to amend the notice of family claim: Supreme Court Family Rule 8-1(1)(b)(i).

[32] A person seeking to amend a notice of family claim must show that there is a reasonable cause of action. This is a low threshold. What the applicant needs to establish is that, if the facts pleaded are proven at trial, they would support a reasonable claim. The applicant’s allegations of fact are assumed to be true for the purposes of this analysis. Cantelon v. Wall, 2015 BCSC 813, at para. 7-8.

[33] The applicant’s delay, the reasons for the delay, and the prejudice to the responding party are also relevant factors. The ultimate consideration is whether it would be just and convenient to allow the amendment. Cantelon, at para. 6, citing Teal Cedar Products Ltd. v. Dale Intermediaries Ltd. et al (1986), 19 B.C.L.R. (3d) 282.

C. Pleadings in Family Law Cases
[34] Supreme Court Family Rules 3-1(1) and 4-1(1) require that a claim to spousal support be pleaded in a notice of family claim in Form F3. Section 2 of Form F3, “Spousal relationship history”, requires a spousal support claimant to check the boxes that apply to them, according to whether they are or have been married or are or have been in a marriage-like relationship. Where a claimant alleges a marriage-like relationship, Form F3 requires that they provide the date on which they began to live together with the respondent in a marriage-like relationship and, where applicable, the date on which they separated. Form F3 does not require a statement of the factual basis for the claim of spousal support.

[35] In this case, Ms. Han seeks to amend the notice of family claim to allege that she and Mr. Dorje began to live in a marriage-like relationship in or around January 2018, and separated in or around January 2019.

[36] An allegation that a person lived with a claimant in a marriage-like relationship is a conclusion of law, not an allegation of fact. Unlike the rules governing pleadings in civil actions, however, the Supreme Court Family Rules do not expressly require family law claimants to plead the material facts in support of conclusions of law.

[37] In other words, there is no express requirement in the Supreme Court Family Rules that Ms. Han plead the facts on which she relies for the allegation she and Mr. Dorje lived in a marriage-like relationship.

[38] Rule 4-6 authorizes a party to demand particulars, and then apply to the court for an order for further and better particulars, of a matter stated in a pleading. However, unless and until she is granted leave and files the proposed amended notice of family claim, Ms. Han’s allegation of a marriage-like relationship is not a matter stated in a pleading.

[39] Ms. Han filed an affidavit in support of her application to amend the notice of family claim. Normally, evidence would not be required or admissible on an application to amend a pleading. However, in the unusual circumstances of this case, the parties agreed I may look to Ms. Han’s affidavit and exhibits for the facts she pleads in support of the allegation of a marriage-like relationship.

[40] Because this is an application to amend - and Ms. Han’s allegations of fact are presumed to be true - I have not considered Mr. Dorje’s responding affidavit.

[41] Relying on affidavit evidence for an application to amend pleadings is less than ideal. It tends to merge and confuse the material facts with the evidence that would be relied on to prove those facts. In a number of places in her affidavit, for example, Ms. Han describes her feelings, impressions and understandings. A person’s hopes and intentions are not normally material facts unless they are mutual or reasonably held. The facts on which Ms. Han alleges she and Mr. Dorje formed a marriage-like relationship are more important for the present purposes than her belief they entered into a conjugal union.

[42] Somewhat unusually, in this case, almost all of the parties’ relevant communications were in writing. This makes it somewhat easier to separate the facts from the evidence; however, as stated above, it is difficult to understand the intentions and actions of a person from brief text messages.

[43] In my view, it would be a good practice for applicants who seek to amend their pleadings in family law cases to provide opposing counsel and the court with a schedule of the material facts on which they rely for the proposed amendment.

D. The Legal Concept of a Marriage-Like Relationship
[44] As Mr. Justice Myers observed in Mother 1 v. Solus Trust Company, 2019 BCSC 200, the concept of a marriage-like relationship is elastic and difficult to define. This elasticity is illustrated by the following passage from Yakiwchuk v. Oaks, 2003 SKQB 124, quoted by Myers J. at para. 133 of Mother 1:

[10] Spousal relationships are many and varied. Individuals in spousal relationships, whether they are married or not, structure their relationships differently. In some relationships there is a complete blending of finances and property - in others, spouses keep their property and finances totally separate and in still others one spouse may totally control those aspects of the relationship with the other spouse having little or no knowledge or input. For some couples, sexual relations are very important - for others, that aspect may take a back seat to companionship. Some spouses do not share the same bed. There may be a variety of reasons for this such as health or personal choice. Some people are affectionate and demonstrative. They show their feelings for their “spouse” by holding hands, touching and kissing in public. Other individuals are not demonstrative and do not engage in public displays of affection. Some “spouses” do everything together - others do nothing together. Some “spouses” vacation together and some spend their holidays apart. Some “spouses” have children - others do not. It is this variation in the way human beings structure their relationships that make the determination of when a “spousal relationship” exists difficult to determine. With married couples, the relationship is easy to establish. The marriage ceremony is a public declaration of their commitment and intent. Relationships outside marriage are much more difficult to ascertain. Rarely is there any type of “public” declaration of intent. Often people begin cohabiting with little forethought or planning. Their motivation is often nothing more than wanting to “be together”. Some individuals have chosen to enter relationships outside marriage because they did not want the legal obligations imposed by that status. Some individuals have simply given no thought as to how their relationship would operate. Often the date when the cohabitation actually began is blurred because people “ease into” situations, spending more and more time together. Agreements between people verifying when their relationship began and how it will operate often do not exist.

[45] In Mother 1, Mr. Justice Myers referred to a list of 22 factors grouped into seven categories, from Maldowich v. Penttinen, (1980), 17 R.F.L. (2d) 376 (Ont. Dist. Ct.), that have frequently been cited in this and other courts for the purpose of determining whether a relationship was marriage-like, at para. 134 of Mother 1:

1. Shelter:

(a) Did the parties live under the same roof?

(b) What were the sleeping arrangements?

(c) Did anyone else occupy or share the available accommodation?

2. Sexual and Personal Behaviour:

(a) Did the parties have sexual relations? If not, why not?

(b) Did they maintain an attitude of fidelity to each other?

(c) What were their feelings toward each other?

(d) Did they communicate on a personal level?

(e) Did they eat their meals together?

(f) What, if anything, did they do to assist each other with problems or during illness?

(g) Did they buy gifts for each other on special occasions?

3. Services:

What was the conduct and habit of the parties in relation to:

(a) preparation of meals;

(b) washing and mending clothes;

(c) shopping;

(d) household maintenance; and

(e) any other domestic services?

4. Social:

(a) Did they participate together or separately in neighbourhood and community activities?

(b) What was the relationship and conduct of each of them toward members of their respective families and how did such families behave towards the parties?

5. Societal:

What was the attitude and conduct of the community toward each of them and as a couple?

6. Support (economic):

(a) What were the financial arrangements between the parties regarding the provision of or contribution toward the necessaries of life (food, clothing, shelter, recreation, etc.)?

(b) What were the arrangements concerning the acquisition and ownership of property?

(c) Was there any special financial arrangement between them which both agreed would be determinant of their overall relationship?

7. Children:

What was the attitude and conduct of the parties concerning children?

[46] In Austin v. Goerz, 2007 BCCA 586, the Court of Appeal cautioned against a “checklist approach”; rather, a court should "holistically" examine all the relevant factors. Cases like Molodowich provide helpful indicators of the sorts of behaviour that society associates with a marital relationship, the Court of Appeal said; however, “the presence or absence of any particular factor cannot be determinative of whether a relationship is marriage-like” (para. 58).

[47] In Weber v. Leclerc, 2015 BCCA 492, the Court of Appeal again affirmed that there is no checklist of characteristics that will be found in all marriages and then concluded with respect to evidence of intentions:

[23] The parties’ intentions – particularly the expectation that the relationship will be of lengthy, indeterminate duration – may be of importance in determining whether a relationship is “marriage-like”. While the court will consider the evidence expressly describing the parties’ intentions during the relationship, it will also test that evidence by considering whether the objective evidence is consonant with those intentions.

[24] The question of whether a relationship is “marriage-like” will also typically depend on more than just their intentions. Objective evidence of the parties’ lifestyle and interactions will also provide direct guidance on the question of whether the relationship was “marriage-like”.

[48] Significantly for this case, the courts have looked to mutual intent in order to find a marriage-like relationship. See, for example, L.E. v. D.J., 2011 BCSC 671 and Buell v. Unger, 2011 BCSC 35; Davey Estate v. Gruyaert, 2005 CarswellBC 3456 at 13 and 35.

[49] In Mother 1, Myers J. concluded his analysis of the law with the following learned comment:

[143] Having canvassed the law relating to the nature of a marriage-like relationship, I will digress to point out the problematic nature of the concept. It may be apparent from the above that determining whether a marriage-like relationship exists sometimes seems like sand running through one's fingers. Simply put, a marriage-like relationship is akin to a marriage without the formality of a marriage. But as the cases mentioned above have noted, people treat their marriages differently and have different conceptions of what marriage entails.

[50] In short, the determination of whether the parties in this case lived in a marriage-like relationship is a fact-specific inquiry that a trial judge would need to make on a “holistic” basis, having regard to all of the evidence. While the trial judge may consider the various factors listed in the authorities, those factors would not be treated as a checklist and no single factor or category of factors would be treated as being decisive.

E. Is There a Reasonable Claim of a Marriage-Like Relationship?
[51] In this case, many of the Molodowich factors are missing:

a) The parties never lived under the same roof. They never slept together. They were never in the same place at the same time during the relationship. The last time they saw each other in person was in November 2017, before the relationship began.

b) The parties never had consensual sex. They did not hug, kiss or hold hands. With the exception of the alleged sexual assault, they never touched one another physically.

c) The parties expressed care and affection for one another, but they rarely shared personal information or interest in their lives outside of their direct topic of communication. They did not write about their families, their friends, their religious beliefs or their work.

d) They expressed concern and support for one another when the other felt unwell or experienced health issues, but they did not provide any care or assistance during illness or other problems.

e) They did not assist one another with domestic chores.

f) They did not share their relationship with their peers or their community. There is no allegation, for example, that Mr. Dorje told his fellow monks or any of his followers about the relationship. There is no allegation that Ms. Han told her friends or any co-workers. Indeed, there is no allegation that anyone, with the exception of Ms. Han’s mother, knew about the relationship. Although Mr. Dorje gave Ms. Han’s mother a gift, he never met the mother and he never spoke to her.

g) They did not intend to have a child together. The child was conceived as a result of a sexual assault. While Mr. Dorje expressed interest in “meeting” the child, he never followed up. He currently has no relationship with the child. There is no allegation he has sought access or parenting arrangements.

[52] The only Molodowich factor of any real relevance in this case is economic support. Mr. Dorje provided the funds with which Ms. Han purchased a condominium. Mr. Dorje initially wrote that he wanted to buy a property with the money, but, he wrote, “It’s the same thing if you buy [it]”.

[53] Mr. Dorje also provided a significant amount of money for Ms. Han’s postpartum care and the child’s first year of life.

[54] This financial support may have been primarily for the benefit of the child. Even the condominium, Ms. Han wrote, was primarily for the benefit of the child.

[55] However, in my view, a trial judge may attach a broader significance to the financial support from Mr. Dorje than child support alone. A trial judge may find that the money Mr. Dorje provided to Ms. Han at her request was an expression of his commitment to her in circumstances in which he could not commit physically. The money and the gifts may be seen by the trial judge to have been a form of down payment by Mr. Dorje on a promise of continued emotional and financial support for Ms. Han, or, in Mr. Dorje’s own words, “Taking care of her and you are my duty for life” (emphasis added).

[56] On the other hand, I find it difficult to attach any particular significance to the fact that Mr. Dorje agreed to provide funds for Ms. Han to purchase a wedding ring. It appears to me that Ms. Han demanded that Mr. Dorje buy her a wedding ring, not that the ring had any mutual meaning to the parties as a marriage symbol. But it is relevant, in my view, that Mr. Dorje provided $20,000 USD to Ms. Han for something she wanted that was of no benefit to the child.

[57] Further, Ms. Han alleges that the parties intended to live together. At a minimum, a trial judge may find that the discussions about where Ms. Han and the child would live reflected a mutual intention of the parties to see one another and spend time together when they could.

[58] Mr. Dorje argues that an intention to live together at some point in the future is not sufficient to show that an existing relationship was marriage-like. He argues that the question of whether the relationship was marriage-like requires more than just intentions, citing Weber, supra.

[59] In my view, the documentary evidence referred to above provides some objective evidence in this case that the parties progressed beyond mere intentions. As stated, the parties appear to have expressed genuine care and affection for one another. They appear to have discussed marriage, trust, honesty, finances, mutual obligations and acquiring family property. These are not matters one would expect Mr. Dorje to discuss with a friend or a follower, or even with the mother of his child, without a marriage-like element of the relationship.

[60] A trial judge may find on the facts alleged by Ms. Han that the parties loved one another and would have lived together, but were unable to do so because of Mr. Dorje’s religious duties and nomadic lifestyle.

[61] The question I raised in the introduction to these reasons is whether a relationship that began on-line and never moved into the physical world can be marriage-like.

[62] Notably, the definition of a spouse in the Family Law Act does not require that the parties live together, only that they live with another person in a marriage-like relationship.

[63] In Connor Estate, 2017 BCSC 978, Mr. Justice Kent found that a couple that maintained two entirely separate households and never lived under the same roof formed a marriage-like relationship. (Connor Estate was decided under the intestacy provisions of the Wills, Estates and Succession Act, S.B.C. 2009, c. 13 ("WESA"), but courts have relied on cases decided under WESA and the FLA interchangeably for their definitions of a spouse.) Mr. Justice Kent found:

[50] The evidence is overwhelming and I find as a fact that Mr. Chambers and Ms. Connor loved and cared deeply about each other, and that they had a loving and intimate relationship for over 20 years that was far more than mere friendship or even so-called "friendship with benefits". I accept Mr. Chambers' evidence that he would have liked to share a home with Ms. Connor after the separation from his wife, but was unable to do so because of Ms. Connor's hoarding illness. The evidence amply supports, and I find as a fact, that Mr. Chambers and Ms. Connor loved each other, were faithful to each other, communicated with each other almost every day when they were not together, considered themselves to be (and presented themselves to be) "husband and wife" and were accepted by all who knew them as a couple.

[64] Connor Estate may be distinguishable from this case because Mr. Chambers and Ms. Connor were physically intimate for over 20 years, and presented themselves to the world as a married couple.

[65] Other decisions in which a marriage-like relationship has been found to exist despite the parties not living together have involved circumstances in which the couple lived under the same roof at previous points in the relationship, and the issue was whether they continued to be spouses after they took up separate residences: in Thompson v. Floyd, 2001 BCCA 78, the parties had lived together for a period of at least 11 years; in Roach v. Dutra, 2010 BCCA 264, the parties had lived together for approximately three years.

[66] However, as Mr. Justice Kent noted in Connor Estate:

[48] … [W]hile much guidance might be found in this case law, the simple fact is that no two cases are identical (and indeed they usually vary widely) and it is the assessment of evidence as a whole in this particular case which matters.

[67] Mr. Justice Kent concluded:

[53] Like human beings themselves, marriage-like relationships can come in many and various shapes. In this particular case, I have no doubt that such a relationship existed …

[68] As stated, Ms. Han’s claim is novel. It may even be weak. Almost all of the traditional factors are missing. The fact that Ms. Han and Mr. Dorje never lived under the same roof, never shared a bed and never even spent time together in person will militate against a finding they lived with one another in a marriage-like relationship. However, the traditional factors are not a mandatory check-list that confines the “elastic” concept of a marriage-like relationship. And if the COVID pandemic has taught us nothing else, it is that real relationships can form, blossom and end in virtual worlds.

[69] In my view, the merits of Ms. Han’s claim should be decided on the evidence. Subject to an overriding prejudice to Mr. Dorje, she should have leave to amend the notice of family claim. However, she should also provide meaningful particulars of the alleged marriage-like relationship.

F. Delay / Prejudice
[70] Ms. Han filed her notice of family claim on July 17, 2019. She brought this application to amend approximately one year and nine months after she filed the pleading, just over two months before the original trial date.

[71] Ms. Han’s delay was made all that more remarkable by her change in position from January 19, 2021, when she confirmed, through counsel, that she was not seeking spousal support in this case.

[72] Ms. Han gave notice of her intention to proceed with this application to Mr. Dorje on March 16, 2021. By the time the application was heard, the parties had conducted examinations for discovery without covering the issues that would arise from a claim of spousal support.

[73] Also, in April, Ms. Han produced additional documents, primarily text messages, that may be relevant to her claim of spousal support, but were undecipherable to counsel for Mr. Dorje, who does not read Mandarin.

[74] This application proceeded largely on documents selected and translated by counsel for Ms. Han. I was informed that Mandarin translations of the full materials would take 150 days.

[75] Understandably in the circumstances, Mr. Dorje argued that an amendment two months before trial would be neither just nor convenient. He argued that he would be prejudiced by an adjournment so as to allow Ms. Han to advance a late claim of spousal support.

[76] The circumstances changed on May 6, 2021, when Madam Justice Walkem adjourned the trial to July 2022 and reset it for 25 days. Madam Justice Walkem noted that most of the witnesses live internationally and require translators. She also noted that paternity may be in issue, and Mr. Dorje may amend his pleadings to raise that issue. It seems clear that, altogether apart from the potential spousal support claim, the parties were not ready to proceed to trial on June 7, 2021.

[77] In my view, any remaining prejudice to Mr. Dorje is outweighed by the importance of having all of the issues between the parties decided on their merits.

[78] Ms. Han’s delay and changes of position on spousal support may be a matter to de addressed in a future order of costs; but they are not grounds on which to deny her leave to amend the notice of family claim.

CONCLUSION
[79] Ms. Han is granted leave to amend her notice of family claim in the form attached as Appendix A to the notice of application to include a claim for spousal support.

[80] Within 21 days, or such other deadline as the parties may agree, Ms. Han must provide particulars of the marriage-like relationship alleged in the amended notice of family claim.

[81] Ms. Han is entitled to costs of this application in the cause of the spousal support claim.

“Master Elwood”

★★日本にいながら英語をいくらでも練習（アウトプット）できる新サービスを始めます！！その詳細は動画の最後にあるので是非最後まで見てください★★
English is below!!

【この動画にコメントを投稿する方法】
この動画のコメントはBilingual Babyコミュニティーのタブにてお願いします⇩⇩⇩⇩
http://bit.ly/2kGypIL

今日の動画に出ている英語は事前にTwitterでもクイズ形式でアップしているので、英語をもっと勉強したい方は、是非Twitterもフォローをお願いします！
https://twitter.com/bilingualbaby01

**バイリンガルベイビーの動画を英語の勉強として使いたい方のために、動画を使って上達できる英語勉強法の詳細な方法は下記に記載されているのでご確認ください！


【今日の動画】
大変お待たせしました!!! バイリンガルベイビーのチャンネルで私（アメリカ人の妻）が最も聞かれる質問は「どうやって日本語を覚えたか」なので、今日は、私の日本語の勉強法の動画をアップします！実は、私もバイリンガル（スペイン語と英語）で育ったので、今日ご紹介する勉強法はその経験に基づいた勉強法です。日本人も、今からでも、真似できるメソッドなので、英語を勉強されている方も、超短期間で上達できる英語勉強法として使って頂ければ嬉しいです。
In today’s video I’ll be introducing how I learned Japanese! The story of how I learned Japanese actually is actually tied to the story of how I learned Spanish as a bilingual child. I grew up speaking both English and Spanish at home, so I used a lot of that insight in learning Japanese as an adult. How I learned Spanish is actually a totally different matter, but as far as my Japanese language study is concerned (the input aspect), I learned Japanese at Arizona State University (ASU). I strongly recommend the Japanese language program at ASU!!


【今日の英語】
①”a pretty penny”
a pretty pennyは英語のイディオムです。よく使われる英語ですし、意味は「その金額は若干高い」だけなのですが、「It’s a little expensive」というよりもちょっと可愛い言い方になるので、言ってみればいかがですか？

英語での例文
・It costs a pretty penny.
これはちょっと高いね。

・These kinds of services cost a pretty penny.
こういったサービスはやっぱりちょっと高いね。

②cliffhanger
Cliffhangerという英単語は、日常会話というよりも、映画・ドラマ・小説によく使う言葉です。海外ドラマは特にCliffhangerが多いですね。つまり、あるドラマの話の最後にすごい展開があり、「次はどうなるの？？」とか「もう来週の話を待てない！！！」という終わり方はまさしくCliffhangerです。実はビジネスでも使える英単語です。例えば、

We want to leave them wanting more so why don’t we end the presentation with a little cliffhanger. That way, they can call us up after the presentation for a follow-up meeting.
プレゼンの後日にも（得意先から？とか）アポをとりたいので、プレゼンの最後にちょっとしたCliffhanger（続きが気になる終わり方）を入れておこう。Cliffhangerでプレゼンを終わらせると後日に絶対に電話がかかってくる（アポがとれる）でしょう。

Good luck with your English BB Family!!


《この動画を英語の勉強にどうやって使う？》
「聞き流し英語」的な感じでこの動画を是非見てください。私達のチャンネルで、実際にネイティブが使っている英語の文法も使っていますし、変にスピードも落としていませんので、このスピードにある程度慣れてたら、海外に行ったらばっちりなはずです！

ですので、是非こちらの動画で英語のリスニングの勉強していただければと思います！

なお、英語のリスニング力アップのためのこの動画のベストな活用方法があります。４ステップ法
①まず、動画を最初見る時に、日本語の字幕を見ながら楽しく動画を最初から最後まで見る。このステップは「英語を勉強する」ステップではなく、単純に「動画の内容」と「ストーリーの展開」を覚えるステップです。つまり、英語・日本語関係なく、この動画で何が起きているかを理解することがステップ１です。ここであまり英語の勉強を気にしなくてもいいです。

②もう一度動画を見るけど、今度は、各フレーズ（気になるフレーズ）を１つ１つ丁寧に聞いて、英語と日本語の字幕（両方とも）一緒に読んで、英語のフレーズ（英語の表現）や言い方を意識する。一時停止したり、巻き戻したりすると理解しにくい英語の表現を理解できるかもしれません。信じがたいですが、私達の動画に本当に「知っておくべき英語」が厳選されています。なのでどのフレーズを学んでも損ではありません。「生きた英会話」と思っていただければと思います。

③もう一度動画を見る。今後は、日本語の字幕を絶対に見ないで動画を見る。理解できない場合は、絶対に英語の字幕だけを見る。なので、このステップは、「海外に留学したばかりの人になった気分」。つまり、日本語に頼らないステップ。

④英語の字幕と日本語の字幕、どれも全く読まないでで最初から最後まで動画をもう一度見る。 絶対に、自分の理解度に驚くはずです。１００％は理解できないかもしれないが、聞く前と比較すると本当にビビるぐらい英語力が伸びる。「ええ？これだけで英語力が上がるの？」と思われる方が多いと思うけど、4回も同じ箇所を見ているので、それだけで思っている以上に英語が身についている（同じ歌を４回聞けばなんとなく歌えると一緒）。留学する時に、こういう風にみんな学ぶ。因みに幼児も同じように言語を学ぶ。

この４つのステップを踏んだ後に、もしまだ動画の内容が完璧に理解できないということであれば、リスニング聞き取れなかった箇所だけに戻り、更に２—３回を聞くことがお勧めです。

最後ですが、もし、使っている英語について何か質問があればいつでもコメントで聞いてくださいね。他の視聴者のためにもなるし遠慮なく聞いちゃってください。

Good luck!!!


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注意: 片中提及Aspect of the end的加速bug已經被fix了

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其他方法將來有機會再講

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色違いのビートで来ててくれました

前回は赤色でしたが、
http://jp.youtube.com/watch?v=1cLVUEDSTZs
今回は、まぁ見てください


It comes by the beat of the offshade and.

Last time though it was red
http://jp.youtube.com/watch?..v=1cLVUEDSTZs.. this time, please ....
see.

Light car
Beat (BEAT) is a light car of the 2-seater of the midship engine rear drive convertible that Honda Motor Co., Ltd. announced on May 15, 1991.

In the body model, PP1 and the engine model are E07A. It has five set velocities MT installing the monocoque opening body with a high rigidity and three super-high rotation series cylinder SOHC 4Valve 656cc engine in Zain of ..excellent.. De in a horizontal putting, and extremely short the shift stroke. It is a different diameter tire, four-wheel solid disk brake, and a luxurious chassis after the first inch of the Strat type ..independence.. suspension of four wheels of. about 14 inchesThe brake disk is mainly made the rear wheel that often hangs the traction a large diameter, and, therefore, is, 1 from which the midship design of the real thing of the NSX transfer has been taken as another size tire is used for the front wheel and the rear wheel. By the way, the room mirror of the beat is equipped with quite the same one as NSX.

The installed engine generates 64 PS of a light car full self-imposed restraint by suction system MTREC(Multi Throttle Responsive Engine Control) that combines three independent ream throttle with the fuel jet control map change method by 8,100 rpm though is nature suction (NA). Red Zone is 8,500 rpm and a super-high rotation type. Moreover, there is an economy that seems to be NA, too and it is not unusual that the body that it is small and the air resistance is a little records fuel cost that exceeds 20km/L by the urban area in 12?15km/L and a long touring if it runs usually.

In the seat, the center console comes near to a passenger side by about 2cm, and the driver's seat is a design where other light sports do not feel tightness wider than the passenger's seat. From low view to one of the lowest cars it, and the one only of beat obtained speed feeling in 117cm and domestic production cars the total heightThere is no power steering because of lightness, and play is very quick 0, and it can enjoy driving the super-short stroke that can be operated only by the wrist the shift and the aspect are waited for and with a direct feeling very much the enjoyment in the steering wheel of the reception desk.

It was the first, and the domestic production car that was able to be 1G deceleration one of the cars that the brake performance is the best thanks to an appropriate weight balance. Consideration to safety was everywhere, too and the light car in four-wheel disk brake and the SRS air backing equipmentThe behavior or less at the limit waits for the adoption and the aspect, disciplines, is kicked to the understeer, and a tricky handling that seems to be the midship is suppressed to complete about the back and forth different diameter tire. Moreover, the impact beam was adopted in the door for the first time in ..lightness...

Loading is sacrificed in a multi amount and the career can be installed on the trunk food by the option though it is possible to hardly load with luggage that only the trunk of the apology extent and seems to be luggage.

Car audio (option) was unique, that it was called, "Sky sound system", responded at the speed, and the volume went up. Moreover, a part of parts supplier is putting 2DIN kit on the market though goods outside the company install and are improper in fact.

To avoid the repulsion of the Ministry of Transport at that time, midship amusement (Midship Amusement) and crown. do not introduce oneself do sportsIt is a four-wheeled vehicle that Soichiro Honda who died in August of the same year saw off at the end. It was said the trio of Heisei era ABC (..drinking.. B) by the thing called a planned light car in the bubble age. Popularity is ..passage of ten years or more.. still high from the production stoppage in the secondhand market.